tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79923954234688631912024-03-24T17:09:11.938+01:00Taskar Gidan DabinoTaskar al'amurran yau da kullum da suka shafi marubuta kagaggun labaran Hausa da wakoki daga Kano, Nijeriya, da sauran sassa na duniya. Sannan da tarihin rayuwar marubuta da hotunansu. Har ila yau akwai mukalu, ko kasidu da aka gabatar a tarukan kara wa juna sani. Don haka wannan taska za ta zama hatsin bara a kan al'amuran da suka shafi rubuce-rubuce cikin harshen Hausa.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-23375626515590533842015-08-07T13:16:00.002+01:002015-08-07T13:24:35.900+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Me Ya Sa Muke Rubutu?<br />
Wace Irin Gudummawa Muke Bukata?<br />
<br />
Daga<br />
Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino<br />
Shugaban Kamfanin Gidan Dabino International Nig. Ltd., Kano<br />
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An Gabatar Da Wannan Takarda a Bikin Cika Shekara Hamsin a Duniya na Farfesa Ibrahim Malumfashi da kuma Bikin Cika Shekara Tamanin da Biyar da Fara Rubutu Kagaggun Labarai na Hausa, Wanda Aka yi a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da Kimiyyar Harshe, Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna, a Ranar 8 ga Watan Disamba, 2012.<br />
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Tsakure<br />
‘Nakan ji dadi a duk lokacin da na zo wucewa na ga wani ko wata suna karanta abin da na rubuta a cikin littafi, nakan ji kamar babu ya ni a wannan lokaci, ba don komai ba sai don na cika buri na, wato na isar da sakon da nake so ya isa ga jama’a, wanda kuma shi ya sa nake rubutu’.<br />
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Gabatarwa<br />
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Wadannan kalamai su ne suke fitowa daga ruhina zuwa zuciyata daga nan kuma har bakina ya furtawa a lokacin da na fara buga littafi ya shiga kasuwa, wato In Da So Da Kauna na daya a shekara ta 1991, wanda ake sayar da shi Naira biyar kacal ga masu karatu. Ba ni da wani buri ko bukata da suka wuce haka a wannan lokaci. Lokaci ne na samartaka, wanda babu wani abu da yake damun rayuwa ta face abin da na sa a gaba in ga na cim ma burina. Babu tunanin samun kudi ko suna a cikin zuciyata a wancan lokacin, fatana kawai ciwon da ke cikin zuciyata in bayyana shi ga jama’a, wadanda ba su sami kansu a irin wannan yanayi ba kada su sake su shiga, in kuma tsautsayi ya kai su sun shiga to, ta wace hanya za su bi su fita.<br />
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Na bukaci gudummuwoyi da dama a wancan lokacin, wadannan gudummuwoyi sun hada da neman shawarwari da duba min littafin a gyara Hausar da rabe-raben kalmominta kasancewar farin shiga ne ni a lokacin, kuma na sha wuya sosai wajen zirga-zirga a cikin birnin Kano da kewayenta. Ba dare ba rana ina bisa kekena don zuwa wajen mutanen da na bai wa wannan littafi don su duba kuma su yi min gyare-gyare a cikinsa.<br />
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Zirga-zirga ta aure ni. Je-ka-ka-dawo ba a magana. Hakuri dole ya zama abokin zamana saboda na yi ta samun sabanin lokaci na kammala aikin dubawar daga wasu mutanen da na bai wa karantawa da yin gyaran littafin.<br />
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Amma da ya kasance a kullum hakuri muka zama abokai da shi sai na ga alfanun abin, domin ko yanzu (yau shekara ahirin da daya) in aka dauko littafin aka karanta ba za a ga gyare-gyare rakwacam ba kamar yadda marubutan yanzu suke barin gyara a cikin littattafansu, wanda ba wani abu ne yake kawo hakan ba face rashin hakuri da juriya wajen kai wa a duba littafin.<br />
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Taken mukalata shi ne Me Ya Sa Muke Rubutu? Wace Irin Gudummawa Muke Bukata? Wadannan tambayoyi guda biyu suna da amsoshin su, kuma na san kowa ya tashi bayar da amsa za a ji ya fadi gwargwadon fahimtarsa da kuma ra’ayinsa. Don haka in muka ce tambaya ce mai sauki ba mu yi kuskure ba. Domin in dai kai marubuci ne kana da amsar da za ka bayar.<br />
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Me Ya Sa Muke Rubutu?<br />
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Wannan tambaya tana iya zama mai saukin gaske ga duk marubuta tun da kowa da irin dalilin da ya sanya ya shiga fagen rubutu, don haka ra’ayi ko amsar wannan tambaya ma za su bambanta. Amma don ba na son arar bakin marubuta in ci musu albasa sai na je kai tsaye ga marubuta don in ji waka a bakin mai ita, wato su marubutan su gaya min da kansu daga wasu jihohi kamar Kano da Kaduna da Bauchi da Jigawa, na kuma yi musu tambaya kamar haka:<br />
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Salam. Ina rubuta wata takarda a kan rubutu da marubuta don haka nake son a ba ni wannan amsarzan yi amfani da ita, Me ya sa kuke rubutu? Wace gudummawa kuke bukata?<br />
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Marubuta goma sha uku, maza guda 4 da kuma mata guda 12 na aikawa wannan sakon, duk sun ba ni amsoshinsu, kuma cikin mabambantan ra’ayoyi, wasu sun yi daidai da junansu wajen amsar, wato ra’ayinsu ya zo daya. Sannan kuma kamar hadin baki babu wata amsa da na same ta da safe, duk lokacin da na sami sakonne da yamma ne, sun fara daga 4.18 zuwa 11.26 na dare, a ranar farko, haka kuma a sauran ranaikun, duk da yamma na same su. Ga amsoshin da suka rubuto min kamar haka:<br />
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Da farko dai ni na fara rubutu domin sha'awa, ina jin dadi kawai idan ina rubutu, lokaci guda kuma sai nake amfani da damar domin na wa'azantar cikin nishadi.<br />
Nazir Adama Saleh, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 4.18 na yamma.<br />
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In muka dubi abin da Nazir Adam Saleh ya bayyana game da dalilinsa na fara yin rubutun littafi, za mu ga sha’awa ce kawai ta kai shi ba wani abu ba, sai kuma jin dadin yin rubutun, sannan kuma ya gane cewa ashe baiwar rubutun da yake da ita hanyar wa’azantarwa ce ta samu gare shi, wanda kuma har zai iya nishadantar da masu karatu.<br />
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Don fadakarwa da nishadantarwa da kuma akida.<br />
Alawiyya Wada Isa, Kano ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 4.37 na yamma.<br />
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Malama Alawiyya Wada Isa kuwa don ta fadakar da al’ummrta ta nishadantar da kuma akida su suka jawo ta afka fagen rubuta littafi.<br />
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Ni dai ina yin rubutu don tallafa wa adabi da inganta al'ada da kuma ba wa mata gudummawa ta zamtakewa da mazajensu da kuma yadda za su yi girki mai kyau da tarbiyyar yaransu da hakuri da juriya da yin sana'a. Sannan shi Rubutu babbar cuta ce da ba shi da magani tilas sai ka yi shi muddin saboda Allah kake don karuwar jama’a ba don kudi ba.<br />
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Sadiya Garba Yakasai, Kano ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 5.20 na <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>yamma.<br />
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Sadiya Garba Yakasai ta lallabo da nata hujjojin shiga fagen rubutu ne saboda agaza wa adabi da al’ada da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga ‘yan’uwanta mata don su iya girki don kada a dinga samun sabani tsakanin magidanta da matansu wajen abinci domin wasu matan ba suiya dafa abinci ba, da tarbiyyar yaransu da nuna hakuri da juriya a rayuwa da kuma son a dogara da sana’a, bn das a ido a kana bin hannun mutane. <br />
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Ina rubutu ne saboda girmama harshena.<br />
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Asama’u Lamido, Kaduna, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 6.23 na <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> yamma.<br />
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Asama’u Lamido, ra’ayinta ya bambanta da wasu don ta bayyana cewa harshenta da take girmamawa shi ne ya sa take rubutu.<br />
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Kishin harshe na da yada al'adata, sannan na isar da sakona na fadakarwa cikin nishadi.<br />
Rabi Talle Maifata, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 7.21 na dare.<br />
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Ita ma Rabi Talle Maifata sun hada hanya da Asma’u Lamido, inda ta nuna kishin harshen Hausa ne ya ya tsoma ta a tekun rubutu, sannan ta kara da son yada al’ada da fadakarwa hard a nishadantarwa.<br />
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Dalilin da ya sa ake rubutu yana da yawa, daga ciki akwai: Ilmantarwa da nishadantarwa da neman suna da neman kudi da sha'awar rubutu da soyayya da sauransu.<br />
Umma adamu, Hadeja, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 7.52 na dare.<br />
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Umma Adamu Hadeja ta hado abubuwa da yawa da take ganin suna sawa a shiga rubutu, wadanda suka kunshi ilmantarwa da nishadantarwa da neman suna da neman kudi da sha’awar rubutun shi kansa da kuma soyayya.<br />
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Muna rubutu don fadakarwa da nishadantarwa da nema wa al'umma mafita a al'amuran yau da kullum, kamar zamantakewa da neman ilimi da gyaran halaye da sauransu.<br />
Bilkisu Yusuf Ali, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 8.39 na dare.<br />
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Ita kuwa Bilkisu Yusuf Ali, mun fahimci saboda ta nema wa al’umma mafita wajen al’amuran da suka shafi zamantakewa da gyaran halaye da neman ilmi da fadakarwa har ma da nishadantarwa, su ne suka kawo ta cikin farfajiyar yin rubutu. Kuma sun yi tarayya a wasu ra’ayoyin tare da Umma Adamu da wasu marubutan.<br />
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Ta hanyar rubutu nake sadar da sako ga dubban mutane ba tare da na yi tattaki zuwa inda suke ba.<br />
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Bala Anas Babinlata, Kano ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 8.52 na dare.<br />
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Bala Anas Babinlata, ya nuna don isa da sako ne, wanda rubutu yake isar wa wanda ba sai ya je kafa da kafa ba sakon sa yake isa ga jama’a.<br />
Ni ina yin rubutu don na fadakar da kan al’umma game da zamansu, musamman aure da kishi da tarbiyyar yara.<br />
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Balaraba Ramat Yakubu, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 9.44 na dare.<br />
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Yaya babba kuwa wato Balaraba Ramat Yakubu, ta bayyana nata dalilan shiga taskar rubutu da cewa fadakar da al’umma wajen zamantakewa musamman ‘yan’uwanta mata a kan batun kishi da tarbiyyar ‘ya’yansu.<br />
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Babban abin da ya sa ni yin rubutu shi ne, kishin al'adunmu da kokarin fadakarwa da ciyar da yarenmu na Hausa gaba. Sha'awar rubutu ta karfafa a zuciyata ganin cewa hanya ce ta watsa manufofi, ta saukakakkiyar hanya, kuma mutum zai iya yin gargadi da wa'azantarwa da dora mutane a kan kyakkyawar hanya, walau ta hanyar tsoratarwa ko nishadantarwa. Wadannan dalilai su suka dasa min sha'awar rubutu. Don wani lokacin marubuci har kankanba yake yi, ya shiga rigar malamai ta hanyar wa'azantarwa. Kuma yin rubutu hanya ce ta kaifafa kwakwalwa, shi ya sa a duk inda marubuci yake za ka gan shi tamkar tsuntsun da yake yawo a sama, da zarar ya hango kuskure a kasa sai ya zaro biro da takarda ya shiga tunanin hanyar warware matsalar ta ruwan sanyi, yadda al'umma makaranta za su gano bakin zaren. Duk wadannan abubuwan su suke ba ni sha'awa a harkar rubutu.<br />
Lubabatu Ya’u Babura, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, 10.01 na dare.<br />
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Lababatu Ya’u Babura, ta dada karfafa ra’ayoyin da wasu suka bayyana cewa kishin harshen Hausa da al’adu suka sagalo ta zuwa farfajiyar fasiha, marubuta don ta ba da tata gudummawar, kuma ta kara da cewa shi rubutu hanya ce sassauka ta yada manufa ga jama’a, sannan ta nuna marubuta ma suna tarayya da malamai wajen wa’azi ga jama’a ta hanyar rubutunsu. Wadannan da ma wasu dalilan su ne suka jagorarta ta ci gaba da rubutwa da bugawa, jama’a suna karantawa.<br />
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Na fara rubutu da nufin gyara yadda wasu marubuta suka kalli mace da alkalaminsu, nufin ya fadada zuwa sakonni mabambanta.<br />
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Rahma Abdul Majid, Minna, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 10.06 na dare.<br />
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Rahma Abdul Majid, ta sirnano nata jawabin ne da cewa, marubuta suna kallon mace da alkaminsu a baibai, shi ya sa ita kuma ta shigo don ta rubuta su daidai, a daina kallon mata a baibai kamar yadda wasu ‘yan’uwanta marubutan suka rattaba a littattafansu, daga wannan niyya kuma sai abubuwan suka fadada suka yi rasa har take rubutu na’u’i daban daban har da na masu aikata laifuka<br />
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Yana daga dalilan rubutuna, tsintar baiwar rubutun da na yi a tare da ni. Ka ga ya zama wajibi. Raba dannin jigo kuma sun hada da; bayyana abin da ke cikin zuciya da fadakarwa da tallar harshe da kuma neman kudi.<br />
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Aminu Abubakar Ladan (ALA), Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 11.26 na dare.<br />
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Shi kuma mai rumbun kalmomi, mahirun waka, Aminu Abubakar Ladan (ALA), ya ce tsintar biwar rubutun ya yi a tare da shi kawai don haka ya zama wajibi ya yi. Sai kuma ya kawo wasu raba-danni ko kananan jigogi na musabbabin yin rubutun, inda ya bayyana cewa fitar da abin da ke cikin zuciya da fadakarwa da da tallar harshe da kuma neman kudi.<br />
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Ni mai son isar da sako ga al’umma ce, sai na zabi hanyar rubutu wajen kai sakon.<br />
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Jamila Adamu Yaro, Bauchi, ranar 11/11/2012, karfe 2.41 na yamma.<br />
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‘Yar mutan Bauchi kuwa, Jamila Adamu Yaro ta nuna tuni take da son isar da sako ga jama’a amma sai ta zabi hanyar rubutu wajen isar das akon.<br />
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Ina rubutu ne don isar da sako tare da ilmantar da mutane da wayar musu da kai.<br />
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Adamun Adamawa, Bauchi, ranar 12/11/2012, karfe 2.50 na yamma.<br />
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Dan mutan Adamu, wato Adamun Adamawa ya bi hanya guda da Jamila Adamu yaro, da ma kuma dukkansu suna jihar Bauchi a yanzu, shi ma dai son isar da sakon ne ya ingiza shi cikin harkar rubutu.<br />
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Ina rubutu ne domin na isar das ako ga jama’a ta yadda za su rike aure da zumunci da zama da kishiya da sauran mu’amalar yau da gobe.<br />
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Aisha Abdulhamid Alhaji (Lawash), Bauchi, 25/11/2012, 9.20, dare.<br />
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Ina rubutu saboda yada harshena da al’adunmu na Hausa da fadakarwa da nishadantarwa ga masu karatu da kuma wayar da kan jama’a dangane da zamantakewar yau da kullum musamman auratayya wadda take jigon rayuwa<br />
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Sa’adatu Saminu Kankiya, 26/11/2012, 10.37, dare.<br />
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Idan muka lura da ire-iren dalilan da marubutan suka bayyana na abubuwan da suka sanya suka shiga fagen rubutu, za mu ga mafi yawa don son gyaran tarbiyyaar al’umma ne ba don neman kudi ba. Kuma dukkanin maubutan da na aika wa da rubutaccen sakon (SMS) sai da na kira wayarsu muka yi magana baki da baiki, wasu sun ce in rubuta abin da suka fada min da bakinsu, amma na ce a’a, su aiko min a rubuce kamar yadda na aika musu a rubuce, don gudun idan gaya min aka yi da baki kila in rubuta abin da ba haka marubutan suke fadi ba, amma ta hanyar SMS, ba za a sami wannan sabanin ba. Kuma hakan aka yi suka rubuto da hannunsu.<br />
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Wace Irin Gudummawa Muke Bukata?<br />
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Game da wannan batu na abubuwan da marubuta suke bukata ta fannin gudummawa a wannan harka ta rubutu, ita ma amsar a bayyane take, kuma ba wuya gare ta ba, tun da duk marubuta sababbi da tsofaffi (na Hausa) sun san matsalar da marubuta suke fuskanta a fagen rubuce-rubuce da inganta shi da buga shi da tallata shi da sama masa tagomashi a wasu wurare, don haka da an tambayi marubuci kila zai fadi wannan miki da ya dade a zuciyarsa cikin hanzari. Ga abubuwan da marubutan suke ce:<br />
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Asamau Lamido, Kaduna: <br />
Gudummawar da nake so, a sa mana ido a kan dillalan da ke safarar littattafai, suna cika riba kuma ba su da alkawari wajen biyan kudin littattafanmu.<br />
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Sadiya Garba Yakasai, Kano:<br />
Muna mutukar son taimakon gwamnati ta san da mu marubuta, ta rinka tallafa mana, kuma muna bukatar manyan marubuta irin ku kuna yi mana gyara da sa mu a hanyar da za mu inganta rubutunmu, mu ma duniya ta san da mu, idan rubutu ba inganci tamkar shan shayi ne ba madara ko sukari. Ina son na ga ana yi mana gyara, ana kula da abin da muke yi, saboda ita rayuwa in har ba ka da mafadi, to, ba za ka ga da kyau ba, ina jin ciwon yadda manyan marubuta irin ku kuka bar mu kara zube babu mai sa mu ko hana mu, muna bukatar tallafin ku don bunkasa harkar.<br />
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Alawiyya Wada Isa, Kano:<br />
Muna bukatar jagora na gari wanda zai tsaya mana a kan al’amuranmu, da kuma tallafawar gwamnati.<br />
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Nazir Adama Saleh, Kano:<br />
Taimakon da muke bukata shi ne, mu sami hanyar da za ake yi mana dab'i mai inganci, sannan muna bukatar kara samun karfin gwiwa da kuma kauna daga gwamnati, ba tsangwama ba.”<br />
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Bilkisu Yusuf Ali, Kano:<br />
Muna bukatar samun shugabanni tsayayyu da shigowar hukuma inda za ake hukunta wanda ya karya doka, kuma muna bukatar a sami wani ko kungiya ko kuma kamfani karbabbe wanda zai zama yana duba littafi wanda kuma in ya duban littafn zai sami yarda gun kowa, har malaman jami’a, sannan muna son littattafan ake nazarin su a matakinkaratu kowane.<br />
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Rahma Abdul Majid, Minna:<br />
Bukatata ita ce a fahimci sakona.<br />
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Umma Adamu Hadeja, Jigawa:<br />
Tallafin da marubuci ke bukata a wajen masu kudi da gwamnati shi ne jari da agaji da bashi. Sai kuma ingantaccen aiki da rikon amana da cika alkawari daga ma'aikatan madaba'a.”<br />
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Aminu Abubakar Ladan (ALA):<br />
Muna bukatar goyon bayan hukuma da mazhabobin ilimi.<br />
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Adamun Adamawa, Bauchi:<br />
Tallafin yada rubutun da yayata shi, shi ne bukatata.<br />
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Jamila Adamu Yaro, Bauchi:<br />
Gudummawar da nake bukata ta kudi ce (hahaha).<br />
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Balaraba Ramat Yakubu, Kano:<br />
Ina bukatar taimako ta kowace hanya a kan rubutu, kudi don buga littafin, ko kayan aikin bugawa, kuma hukumar ilmi ta tallafa ta sa littattafan a manhajar karatu don mu fadakar da yaranmu”<br />
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Rabi Talle Maifata, Kano:<br />
Gangamin wayar da kan marubuta daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Iyaye su gane ba tarbiyyar yara muke batawa ba. Su karanta littafinmu kafin su yi hukunci a kanmu. A sanya littattafanmu a manhaja domin kada a manta da al’adunmu, amma littattafan da suke sun danganci hakan.<br />
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Lubabatu Ya’u Babura, Kano:<br />
Hakika marubuta suna neman dauki ta hanyar a taimaka musu da kudade ko da rance ne don farfado da harkar rubutu, kuma yana da kyau a ce gwamnati ta samar da injinan dab'i ingantattu. Sannan a yi kokarin wayar wa da marubutanmu kai ta yadda marubuci zai bazama ya karo ilimi. Inganta shawarwari a tsakaninmu don kamo bakin zaren a kan abin da ya tabarbara harkar kasuwar littafi. Samar da wani fili a yanar gizo (internet) domin tallata hajar fasahar rubutun zube. Kana manyan marubutan da suka fara kawo salon rubutun da a yanzu aka fi raja'a a kan sa, su rinka jan mu kananan marubuta suna dada tunasar da mu irin nauyin da yake kan marubuci. Da darfafa gwiwar su ringa zurfafa tunaninsu ta hanyar zakulo matsalolin da suka addabi al'umma a rinka rubutu a kai, ba wai sai na soyayya ba. Manyan namu kuwa su ne irin su Dr. Yusif Adamu da Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino da Bala Anas babinlata da Hajiya Balaraba Ramat da sauransu. Abu na gaba kuma shi ne sama wa marubuta kariya wajen yada manufofinsu.” <br />
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Sa’adatu Saminu Kankiya, Katsina:<br />
Taimakon da nake ganin muna bukata shi ne, na farko hadin kan mu marubuta, sai kuma samun jagoranci nagari da kuma tallafi daga hukumomi da kunguyoyi ta yadda za mu iya tsayawa da kafafuwanmu, ba tare da mun dogara ga ‘yan kasuwa ba. Kusan wannan ita ce babbar matsalar marubuta a wannan lokacin, saboda har yanzu ban taba jin wata kungiya ko hukuma da ta taba ba da tallafi ga sana'armu ba.<br />
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Tun da mun ji bayanai daga bakin marubuta ta hanyar rubutaccen sakon wayar hannu (SMS), ya kamata kuma a ji ta bakin zabiyar, wato shi mai rubuta wannan takardar, domin kila shi ma yana da nasa ra’ayin, wanda tun a farkon wannan takarda ya fara furtawa a cikin gabatarwarsa ta wannan takarda.<br />
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Ga ra’ayin mai gabatar da wannan takarda kamar haka:<br />
Ni ina rubutu ne saboda ya zama jinin jikina kuma ya zama abokin rayuwata, wanda babu garin Allah da zai waye ban yi rubutu ba ko kuma na duba na wani na yi gyara ko ba da shawara ba, tun da ya zama aikina kuma sana’ata, ba ni da wani aiki da ya wuce rubutu da wallafa.<br />
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Gudummawar da ake bukata a harkar rubuta, akwai batun tsayayyiyar kungiyar marubuta wadda za ta kare hakkokinsu da nema musu daraja da kima a idon duniya. Kungiyar da za ta dinga kimanta harshen gida fiye da bakon harshe, wadda za ta dinga nema wa marubuta hanyoyin samun tallafi na sana’arsu, a wajen gwamnati ko masu hannu da shuni ko sha’awar rubutu ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ko bankuna, a cikin gida da wajen Nijeriya, don bunkasa hanyoyin rubuce-rubuce musamman na Hausa. Wadda za ta nemo hanyoyin sanya gasanni don zaburar da marubuta su yi rubuce-rubuce masu inganci da nagarta da shirya taruka don kara musu sani da koyar da su dabaru na harkokin rubutu. <br />
<br />
Mun ji ra’ayoyin masu ruwa da tsaki na ma’aikatar rubuta da wallafa, game da abubuwan da suka sa su suka tsunduma cikin rubuce-rubuce da kuma ire-iren gudummawa da suke bukata don bunkasa wannan sana’a tasu ta rubutu da wallafa. A duba kasa an takaita wadannan ra’ayoyi zuwa kasha hudu, kuma za a ga isar da sakon fadakarwa shi ne a kan gaba a zukatan marubuta daga nan sai girmama harshe da yada al’ada sannan batun neman kudi da a sha’awa su ne suke kafada da kafada da juna. <br />
<br />
In muka dawo kuma batun irin gudummawar da narubuta suke bukata za mu ga cewa batun samun tallafi daga gwamnati da hukumomi ne ya baibaiye wannan faifai na bayyana ra’ayi ko kididdiga sai kuma batun samun jagoranci yake biye masa sannan batun dillanci da dab’I ya zo na uku, sai abu na hudu batun kudI, wato taimako ko aro ko jari. <br />
<br />
Kila yanzu daga wadannan bayanai da aka samu an gane ko kuma an soma gane su wane ne marubutan Hausa kuma don me suke rubutu, amma na san wasu a da can kafin su ji ta bakinsu suna ba su wata fassara ta daban, wato kila a ce don neman kudi ko bata tarbiyya suke yi, amma kila wadannan bayanai da aka ji daga gare su zai sa wasu su sauya tunani game da marubutan Hausa musamman na adabin zamani. Masu iya magana suna cewa, hange ba ya kawo nesa kusa, kuma ba ka gane mutum kila sai ka zauna da shi ko ka ji kalamansa.<br />
<br />
A cikin watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2004, Shaihin Malami, Farfesa Graham Furniss ya ziyarci jihar Kano a Nijeriya daga London don ya yi hira da wasu marubuta na adabin zamani inda ya tattauna da su ya ji ra’ayoyinsu da kuma dalilan fara yin rubuce-rubucensu, wannan kuma ya sa ya gabatar da takarda wadda za a buga a cikin: Research in African literatures Vol. 43 No. 4, 2012. Takardar tana da shafuka sama da ashirin, kacokan ya mayar da hankali ne a kan wasu daga cikin ‘ya’yan kungiyar marubuta ta Raina Kama, kamar Badamasi Shaaibu Birji da Alkhamis D. Bature da Amina Abdu Na’inna da Dan’azumi Baba da Balaraba Ramat da kuma Ado Ahmaad. Wadannan mutane sun yi dogayen bayanai game da dalilai da manufofin yin rubutunsu da kuma matsaloli da suke fuskanta a wancan lokaci, yau kimanin sheakara takwas kenan, kum har yanzu wasu daga cikin matsalolin da suka bayyana ba su sauya ba sai ma karuwa da suka yi. Ga wadanda Allah ya sa suka karanta wannan takarda za su ga cikakkun bayanai <br />
<br />
Kammalawa<br />
An yi kokarin bayyana ra’ayoyin wasu daga cikin marubuta maza da mata daga jihohin Katsina da Kano da Kaduna da Bauchi da Neja da Jigawa maa hudu mata goma sha uku, wadanda suka bayyana dalilan da suka sa suka shiga farfajiyar rubuta littattafai da kuma ire-iren gudummawar da suke bukata don inganta wannan sana’a tasu ta rubutu da kuma neman a samar da wata hadaddiyar kungiya ta marubuta harsunan gida musamman ma Hausa don ta dinga samar wa da marubuta hanyoyin da a su inganta ayyukansu da sama musu tallafi da kara musu ilmi a bisa wannan sana’a. <br />
<br />
<br />
Manazarta<br />
<br />
Furniss, Graham da Adamu A.U (2012) “Go by Appearances at Your Peril”: The Raina Kama Writers’ Association in Kano, Nigeria, Carving out a Place for the “Popular” in the Hausa Literary Landscape” Research in African literatures Vol. 43 No. 4, 2012 (forthcoming) <br />
<br />
<br />
Sakonnin Wayar Hannu (SMS) da Aka Samu Daga Marubuta Don Amsa Tambayoyin da Aka yi Musu:<br />
<br />
Nazir Adama Saleh, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 4.18 na yamma.<br />
<br />
Alawiyya Wada Isa, Kano ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 4.37 na yamma.<br />
<br />
Sadiya Garba Yakasai, Kano ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 5.20 na yamma.<br />
<br />
Asama’u Lamido, Kaduna, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 6.23 na yamma.<br />
<br />
Rabi Talle Maifata, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 7.21 na dare.<br />
<br />
Umma adamu, Hadeja, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 7.52 na dare.<br />
<br />
Bilkisu Yusuf Ali, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 8.39 na dare.<br />
<br />
Bala Anas Babinlata, Kano ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 8.52 na dare.<br />
<br />
Balaraba Ramat Yakubu, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 9.44 na dare.<br />
<br />
Lubabatu Ya’u Babura, Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, 10.01 na dare.<br />
<br />
Rahma Abdul Majid, Minna, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 10.06 na dare.<br />
<br />
Aminu Abubakar Ladan (ALA), Kano, ranar 10/11/2012, karfe 11.26 na dare.<br />
<br />
Jamila Adamu Yaro, Bauchi, ranar 11/11/2012, karfe 2.41 na yamma.<br />
<br />
Adamun Adamawa, Bauchi, ranar 12/11/2012, karfe 2.50 na yamma.<br />
<br />
Aisha Abdulhamid Alhaji (Lawash), Bauchi, 25/11/2012, 9.20, dare.<br />
<br />
Sa’adatu Saminu Kankiya, Katsina, 26/11/2012, 10.37, dare.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-8586526222583328052015-08-04T02:32:00.005+01:002015-08-04T02:33:50.273+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bDCTDdYEyBk/VcAVvJj1PzI/AAAAAAAAEmw/KwsBwB3De_k/s1600/INA%2BMAFITA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bDCTDdYEyBk/VcAVvJj1PzI/AAAAAAAAEmw/KwsBwB3De_k/s640/INA%2BMAFITA.jpg" width="449" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Forthcoming Book</span></b></td></tr>
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Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-66502302013606614912015-08-04T02:29:00.000+01:002015-08-04T02:33:41.417+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jpFXz1DAtkc/VcATpxMxPhI/AAAAAAAAEmk/iD_jNmXV4yc/s1600/KWAIKWAYO%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jpFXz1DAtkc/VcATpxMxPhI/AAAAAAAAEmk/iD_jNmXV4yc/s640/KWAIKWAYO%2B3.jpg" width="448" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Forthcoming Book</span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-46597656467017020352015-08-04T02:06:00.002+01:002015-08-04T02:07:56.744+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">University of Cologne – Department of African Studies</span></b></div>
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<br />
Seminar: Hausa Literature – “Magana Jari Ce“ (WS 10/11)<br />
Lecturer: Hannelore Vögele<br />
Speaker: Rebecca Roemer<br />
Year: 2011</div>
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“The Soul of My Heart” by Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino<br />
Classical Hausa-Literature<br />
Content</div>
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Central Topics:</div>
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• Reputation<br />
• Relationships<br />
◦ Friendship<br />
◦ Family<br />
• Love<br />
• Marriage (in those days, before 1990 and nowadays, after 1990)<br />
Summaya who comes from a good family falls in love with Muhammed, who is as much good educated as she is, but from a less rich family. She takes the initiative and writes him a loveletter. At first he rejects her, because he sees no chance for love between two people coming from a different status. She asks for a personal appointment to get the chance to convice him to become a couple.<br />
And she succeeds.</div>
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At a wedding Sumayya gets to know the exceedingly rich young Abdulkadir. He as well had an excellent education, but he dropped to get involved into his father's business. She chats with him, but lets him know that she is already espoused to somebody else.<br />
After romancing her unsuccessfully, Abdulkadir contacts Sumayya's Grandmother. Because the grandmother regards Abdulkadir as the perfect husband for her niece, she involves a witchdoctor.</div>
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However Muhammed is thinking of finishing the relationship.<br />
Meanwhile Sumayya's Grandmother and Abdulkadir are fixing an appointment for the wedding, Sumayya and Muhammed are suffering more and more because of this situation.</div>
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Then Muhammed decides to go to Kaduna. Hereon Sumayya is on the verge of commiting suicide.</div>
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In Kaduna Muhammad gets to know Najahatu. At the same time Sumayya is writing her suicide note to her beloved one. He is also on her mind while she jumps into the river to kill herself.</div>
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But Sumayya is rescued by some passengers and brought into hospital immediately.<br />
Because she lost a lot of blood both Muhammed and Abdulkadir donate blood to her.<br />
By now Muhammed's mother supports and affirms their love. Even Sumayya's parents believe in the love of the couple and consult with friends. Only Sumayya's grandmother is not assuring herself and involves a witchdoctor again. At the hospital, Sumayya tells everything to her nurse Saratu, who falls in love with him expeditiously.</div>
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Shortly after Sumayya are officially engaged, Najahatu from Kaduna visits him surprisingly. It finally comes to a confrontation: While Najahatu tries to seduce him, Sumayya comes home and moreover Saratu, the nurse appears.</div>
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But the whole situation is claryfied and Sumayya forgives Muhammed. So they marry. Their wedding is considered as a historical moment. Allah and Islam play a very important role.</div>
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The witchdoctor is a permanet guest of the grandmother. Sumayya records the grandmothers' evilness secretly and plays it to her father. Thereupon the grandmother leaves the family and everybody feels relieved.</div>
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The story has a tragic end for Abdulkadir. On his way back with his father from a businesstrip, his father is shot down. Abdulkadir himself is hit so strong that his arm is rotten. At the same time he is robbed so that he is bankrupt.</div>
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The story ends in a monologue which includes so to say a morale.</div>
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• Morale of the story:</div>
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“Slow and steady they say, wins the race. […] One should not harbour illwill against<br />
anybody. It might easily rebound back”.</div>
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• An interesting point is the author's choice of names for the characters:<br />
◦ Muhammad, Mohammed - Praised, praiseworthy; the name of the Prophet<br />
◦ Sumaiyah, Sumayyah - Name of a lady companion of the Prophet; the first martyr in Islam<br />
◦ Abdul, Abdel, 'Abd al - Servant (of Allah)<br />
◦ Kadir - Powerful<br />
◦ Najah, Najaah - Success<br />
◦ Sarah - Name of the wife of the Prophet Ibrahim</div>
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The Author</div>
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• Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino *1964 in Kano<br />
• Attended Bayero University Kano<br />
• His work:</div>
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14 books (11 novels in Hausa, 1 biography and 2 have been translated into English)</div>
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In Da So Da Kauna 1 & 2 = The Soul of My Heart<br />
Masoyan Zamani 1 & 2 = Nemesis<br />
Hattara Dai Masoya 1 & 2<br />
Wani Hanin Ga Allah… 1 & 2<br />
Duniya Sai Sannu!<br />
Kaico!<br />
Zalimu (hausa theatre)<br />
Sarkin Ban Kano Alhaji Dr. Muktar Adnan (biography)</div>
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• One of the founders and vice president of the Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA)<br />
Kano State Branch<br />
• Chief of Gidan Dabino International Migration Limited<br />
• Won Noma Award for Publishing in African (UK)<br />
• Writes for daily newspapers and magazines and all over in Nigeria he gave seminars<br />
and workshops<br />
• He writes when he's in the mood for it. There are no specific, fixed times for writing.<br />
Writing can happen any where, any time.<br />
• He was the main actor of his in 1996 pictureized book „In Da So Da Kauna“ (The Soul of My Heart). Moreover, since 1996 he has been the Producer/Director of several Hausa Movies<br />
• Hobbies: Travelling, research, writing<br />
• Presently, he's working on a new book<br />
◦ Content: „Rabuwa (Separation) [his] love true life story. It's about his travelling to<br />
Europe – Germany, Italy, France and GB<br />
◦ Title: “Gani Da Ido… (Seeing is Believing)“</div>
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• Ado Ahmad about African Literature:<br />
“To me, African literature is a reliable tool for educating the world about the beauty of African culture, history and tradition as well as its people. Equally important to add is the fact that no society would developed without a striving literature, hence I see African literature as a vehicle for African future transformation and prosperity”.</div>
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• Ado Ahmad about the Nigerian Press:<br />
“On Nigerian press, I always have mixed feelings about the role they have been playing. True, the Nigerian press could be said to be one of the most vibrant Press in the world especially going by the historical role they played in the fighting colonialism, ending military dictatorship and institutionalization of democracy in my country, etc. But sadly, in spite the aforesaid important role the Nigerian press, yet I am fully convinced that any critical mind cannot completely exonerate our press from sharing the blame of Nigeria’s misfortune, especially in terms of watering the seed of polarity in Nigeria. It is disturbing to note that Nigerian press do polirazed Nigerians along ethnic, religious and sectional lines”.</div>
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• Ado Ahmad about his first book:<br />
“My first novel is called In Da So Da Kauna (The Soul of my Heart). It is not for me to say whether the subject of my book (The Soul of my Heart) has radically changed its readers’ behaviors, but what I cannot deny is the fact that the book was well received among the reading public as well as influenced some of the readers to pick their pens too. And with all humility, I could say in terms of promoting reading culture among the Hausas my books and that of other Hausa writers have succeeded in keeping the light of reading culture alive”.</div>
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Quellen<br />
• <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgidandabino.blogspot.com%2F&h=cAQFqYmLbAQHCf1yOuH3ncoY7KjTxe4MVbKI-_b8qkpryEQ&enc=AZPHUaEVa-QsqdPzdzv2B3Ge1U2tob4qub0RYbyxgj8lD7Ym2xs-yNVXGKEr6S6j2gwKrsk1zQ6v-fuYEyOcWbSisY4LBEK6LjANNxH9w2n6SYGGtW3e0jR_pNkPg-SK6RpV0D07DUIPCCmeUQc_9-ZWWwevtemjf_olrpu_XSluj0fQF2lUH1NBb1zEB7eBcNk&s=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://gidandabino.blogspot.com/</a> (08.01.11-17:55, 16.01.11-19:32, 30.01.11-12:00)<br />
• <a href="https://www.facebook.com/" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">www.facebook.com</a><br />
• Interview January 2011<br />
• „The Soul of My Heart“, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, Gidan Dabino Publishers, 1991<br />
• Informations about the names:<br />
Muhammad, Mohammed (<a href="http://www.sudairy.com/arabic/masc.html#M" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.sudairy.com/arabic/masc.html#M</a>(30.01.11 –<br />
15:16))<br />
Sumaiyah, Sumayyah (<a href="http://www.sudairy.com/arabic/fem.html#S" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.sudairy.com/arabic/fem.html#S</a> (30.01.11 – 15:18))<br />
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Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-64486919351957542402015-07-09T07:38:00.000+01:002015-08-04T02:15:24.865+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Gidan Dabino as an Intellectual and International Icon<br />
(Gwagwarmayar Ado Ahmad Tsakanin Manyan Manazartan Duniya)<br />
<br />
Prof. Dr. Abdalla Uba Adamu<br />
Department of Mass Communication<br />
Bayero University, Kano<br />
<br />
Perhaps we should start with trying to understand the key variables associated with this talk: intellectual, and international. The latter concept, international, is straight-forward enough, because it connotes a straddling of nations and going beyond a specific national barrier. Let me therefore focus my definition of term therefore on the former concept, ‘intellectual’.<br />
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In human societies, the Intellectual is the man or woman dedicated to critical thought (study, introspection, and reflexion) about the reality of society; who communicates the derived ideas towards the resolution of society’s normative problems (social, political, and cultural), and so derives authority in the public sphere. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the Intellectual participates in the world of politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by producing or by extending an ideology, and by defending one or another system of values.<br />
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In our times, the term “Intellectual” acquired positive connotations of social prestige derived from the person being a man or woman possessed of intellect and superior intelligence, especially when his or her activities in the public sphere exerted positive consequences upon the common good, by means of moral responsibility, altruism, solidarity, in effort to elevate the intellectual understanding of the public at large, without manipulation, false populism, paternalism, or condescension.<br />
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The intellectual and the scholarly classes are related; the intellectual usually is not a teacher involved in the production of scholarship, but has an academic background, and works in a profession, practices an art, or a science. The intellectual person is a man or woman who applies critical thinking and reason in either a professional or a personal capacity, and so has authority in the public sphere of his or her society. Further, the term "Intellectual" identifies three types of person, one who:<br />
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is erudite, and develops abstract ideas and theories<br />
a professional who produces cultural capital, as in philosophy, literary criticism, sociology, philosophy, medicine, science or<br />
an artist who writes, composes, paints, etc.<br />
<br />
Using these definitions and typologies, I want to look at the achievements of Mallam Ado Ahmad Gida Dabino as both an intellectual and international icon or figure.<br />
<br />
Although Mallam Ado does not have academic higher degrees usually associated with modern intellectuals, nevertheless his achievements have attained the status of intellectual achievements regardless of the measuring instrument used. For one thing, and in common with all other intellectuals, he has a vision to excel. Other intellectuals in a similar situation in our society could include people like Abubakar Imam, Mallam Aminu Kano xxx.<br />
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Remarkable amongst his achievements as an intellectual is his grounding in the grassroots philosophy of the community he lives in. This community ethnography is what lends credence to his narrative prose about life and how to live it. Thus Mallam Ado’s business craft is located solidly and squarely with a local community of ‘ordinary’ people who share his vision about intellectual literariness. His office has become a portal through which ideas move in and out. When I first started my own foray into literary analysis of contemporary Hausa literature, my first starting point was the Gidan Dabino Publishers’ office along Sabon Titi in August 1999 when I encountered him for the first time. Almost all those I asked to point out to me the starting point of mass culture in Hausa prose fiction would point to Mallam Ado—so I traced him in his office, introduced myself, and have remained with his office since then: in fact we have joint lease in the office block we are now.<br />
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Ado Ahmad is a writer, and there is nothing more intellectual than bringing down abstraction to a concrete level where people can grasp often the absurdity of the abstract. Being a writer gives Ado Ahmad opportunities to create vistas of literary landscapes that captures the imaginations of thousands of people—often as in the case of many later notable writers, bringing them into the literary fold. The famous writer, Rahama AbdulMajid, is a case in point when she explained that she became motivated to become a writer due to Ado Ahmad’s novels being read over the radio.<br />
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Ado Ahmad pioneered the transition from the literary to visual medium when he adapted his famous novel, In Da So Da Kauna, into a video film version, thus providing an intellectual template to the then developing Hausa film industry. Other intellectuals such as Ms. Balaraba Ramat Yakubu, Bala Anas Babinlata, Alkhamees Bature Makwarari, Sunusi Shehu Burhan, Ado Mohammed, all became literary adapters when they also converted their individual stories into the film media—experimenting not only in the craft of storytelling in different media, but also exercising their intellect in embellishing their narrative prose for the film medium.<br />
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The International Intellectual<br />
The first and major international recognition for Ado Ahmad’s craft was in Niger Republic, particularly in the towns of Maraɗi, Damagaram and Niamey. In each of these cities, Ado’s name became a household name through his novels which were read over the radio. Things reached a head when Ado himself was invited to Maraɗi to anchor a series or radio programs and become a judge in literary competitions. No other Hausa writer, from which ever generation has ever attained this cross-border collaboration in literary circles.<br />
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Ado thus became a virtual ‘Nigeriene’ –though he still could not speak French!—and a celebrity, through his writings as well as special edition radio host programs. Soon enough, he has established a vast network of contact and collaborators in Niger Republic. This was amply demonstrated when in 2006 he led a whole convoy of writers and academicians on an international collaboration between the Kano Branch of Association for Nigerian Authors (ANA) of which he was the Chairman and Gashingo Publishers of Niamey under Dr. Mallam Garba Maman. Since then he had become a central figure in cross-border collaborations between Nigerians and Nigériens in literary activities—creating ties and networks that diplomatic channels have not been able to forge.<br />
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This was just the beginning. For subsequent international activities of Ado Ahmad saw him as an invited guest or publishing collaborator for UNESCO to regional meetings in Mali, Niger, Benin Republic, Ethiopia, France and Italy. In each of these places, Ado Ahmad made strong and persistent presentations about indigenous writers in Africa, thus further promoting the cause of indigenous literary scholarship on a scale never done before by any contemporary writer.<br />
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And it did not stop there. I was a witness to Ado Ahmad’s internationalization when he went to Germany in 2010 to present a paper as a guest speaker at the Hamburg University. The place was packed full with mostly female students who listened to Ado’s present with rapt attention. He spoke in Hausa, but his speech was immediately translated into German.<br />
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Subsequently, Ado was also invited to the famous School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS, University of London in the UK in 2011 to present another paper, as well as premier his film Sandar Kiwo. Again students and staff jammed the hall to listen to him—this time in English, for along the line in his career, Ado has been able to graduate from the Adult Education classes to a self-taught mode where he can fluently converse in English to anyone, anywhere.<br />
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While Ado has never been to Poland or India, his film Sandar Kiwo was also premiered in these countries, at the University of Warsaw, Poland; and in India, the film was shown by Blaft Publishers based in New Delhi, to a select group of Indian writers of pulp fiction.<br />
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By now we all know who, or what, the writer is. He or she is a poet, a playwright, an essayist and/or a novelist. But he or she is also the writer of the editorials and columns, the investigative and explanatory reports that are among the many forms journalism has developed in discharging its public task of describing and interpreting the human environments and humanity itself. In the digital age, the writer is also the blogger who makes it his concern to gather and provide information on issues of citizen concern and to comment on them online. Ado Ahmad is this and more. He is truly an international and intellectual icon, on a scale no indigenous Hausa writer in contemporary times has been able to attain. His Member of the Order of the Niger is well-deserved.<br />
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Here are testimonies from three of Ado’s friends and collaborators: Prof. Graham Furniss, from London, England, and the first person to study Hausa contemporary novels; Dr. Marius Kraśniewski from, Warsaw, Poland, and Dr. Carmen Mcain from Wisconsin, United States.<br />
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***<br />
<br />
Comments from Prof. Graham Furniss, OBE, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 20th October, 2014.<br />
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I see this award as recognition for the central role that Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino has played in a remarkable African renaissance that sprang up from the grassroots. He was a central figure in the explosion of popular fiction and then video film in Hausa from the 1980s onwards. His positive, can-do attitude and his open and engaging personality drew many to him and to his writings. His writing touched young people's aspirations and hopes and reflected many of their experiences of life in difficult times. Articulate and witty, he was not afraid to take up any path that might lead him to greater achievements -- he has been a writer, a publisher, a radio host (including in Niger), a video film producer, and a friend to many.<br />
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I first encountered him in Kano when I was researching the rise of Hausa popular fiction and the activities of the Raina Kama writers' club where he was a founder member. Subsequently, I met him again when he visited London and the University here. I have to say that I was often asked by radio and television hosts in Nigeria whether popular fiction and video was of any value and whether it should have been banned. My reply has always been that it is the role of a researcher to document and analyze what is happening on the ground and it is for other authorities to pronounce on the value of differing forms of cultural production. Being aware that both books and films have come under attack in years past, this award comes as a major acknowledgement by the highest Nigerian state authorities of the importance and the value of these forms of artistic endeavor, and I can think of no one better to receive the honour on his own behalf, and on behalf of all the book writers and film makers that he has encouraged and supported, than Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, MON.<br />
<br />
***<br />
<br />
Dr. Mariusz Kraśniewski, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland, 20th October, 2014<br />
<br />
<br />
The first time I’ve heard the name of Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino few years ago when I was a PhD student at the University of Warsaw. We didn’t knew each other back then, his name appeared as a quite enigmatic signature on many of the books I’ve been using in my research. Gidan Dabino Publishers, Kano - it was always the sign that guaranteed very high publishing and scholarly qualities of the works. Thus I can say that thanks to Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, the works of many prominent or promising Hausa scholars and authors (including Ado himself) were able to cross the borders between continents and provide to us, Polish students and scholars, the insight into academic life of Northern Nigeria. The insight that is so greatly needed as it brings different perspectives of the research while still maintaining high scholarly quality of methodology and research.<br />
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Few years later, during my stay in Kano, I’ve finally met Ado in person. I was not surprised to realize that he is not only the shark that sails confidently through the turbulent waters of the publishing industry, but above all, he is also a modest, kind and friendly person. On this occasion we were able to talk about his work and future plans, but this meeting was important for me also for some other, more personal reasons. When, some weeks after our meeting, I’ve lost my consciousness because of cerebral malaria, that was Ado who was the first person to confirm my identity as a visiting associate of the Bayero University. I will be grateful for that ‘till the end of my life as his help was a vital asset that created the possibility for my friends from BUK to organize the treatment and take care of me during my stay in the hospital.<br />
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Mallam Ado, I was very happy to hear from Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu that you’ve been honored with a national recognition of Member of the Order of the Niger (MON) by the President of Nigeria. I’d like to be here to personally shake your hand and tell you that the above-mentioned Order is a perfect gift for your 50th anniversary and that it is a well-earned addition to the long list of your achievements as a writer, scholar and social worker. I would like to sincerely congratulate you for this distinction and I am sending you as well my best wishes for your 50th birthday.<br />
<br />
Allah ya ba Ka lafiya da alheri!<br />
<br />
***<br />
<br />
Dr. Carmen McCain, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States, 25 October, 2014<br />
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I congratulate Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino on receiving the national honour Member of the Order of the Niger. I’m delighted to see the national government recognize his achievements, as not only one of Nigeria’s bestselling Hausa authors but also an award-wining playwright, publisher, filmmaker, and important theorist of Hausa literature and culture. <br />
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Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino is directly responsible for my decision to study Hausa literature and film and for my career so far. I had initially planned to study Hausa as a requirement of my PhD program at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, but to write my PhD thesis on English-language Nigerian literature. Reading Gidan Dabino’s In da So da Kauna in 2005, when studying advanced Hausa in Sokoto, changed my research and changed my life. I initially had a hard time reading Hausa. I read several of the Hausa “classics” almost half way through without understanding much of what I was reading. It was not until I began reading In da So da Kauna that I began to read quickly and hungrily, as I had read the fantasies and historical romances I had loved in high school, anxious to find out what would happen to the star-crossed lovers. It was out of this experience that I began to love reading Hausa novels and films and the rest is history. Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, as one of the leaders of the contemporary literary movement in Hausa, is important in helping bringing about a reading revolution in northern Nigeria. Northern Nigerians are reading more in Hausa than they are in English, and, in a country where intellectuals commonly complain about reading culture, that is a gigantic accomplishment. What I admire the most about Gidan Dabino’s writing is his brilliant dialogue, which captures the banter of every day life, and his ability to tell a story that holds the reader in suspense.<br />
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I am grateful to him for putting me on the path to scholarship, and I thank him for all the time he has spent in personally helping me with my research and introducing me to other writers.<br />
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Na gode, Ado. Na taya maka murna.<br />
<br />
Carmen McCain (Talatu)<br />
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Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-89048606280808297132014-10-09T00:12:00.000+01:002014-10-09T00:12:53.677+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-61899428086545168352014-10-08T07:47:00.002+01:002014-10-08T07:47:25.232+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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l'm pleased to inform you that Nigeria has bestowed on me with national honour of Member of the Order of the Niger (MON) in recognition of my selfless service to public good and commendable contributions to Hausa literature, publishing and film industries. This success would not have been possible without your support and prayers. Thanks a lot.
Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-37692732036178672252014-10-08T07:17:00.001+01:002014-10-08T07:17:56.213+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-19940228855752215932014-10-08T06:57:00.000+01:002014-10-08T07:39:58.392+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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l'm pleasedq to inform you that Nigeria has bestowed on me with national honour of Member of the Order of the Niger (MON) in recognition of my selfless service to public good and commendable contributions to Hausa literature, publishing and film industries. This success would not have been possible without your support and prayers. Thanks a lot.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-76909524557966970632010-06-15T13:34:00.002+01:002010-06-15T13:59:26.144+01:00ZIYARA ITALIYA DA FARANSA: NA JE KALLO NA ZAMA ABIN KALLOSashen kula da ilmi na hukamar da ke kula da kasashe masu amfani da harsunan faransanci, wato OIF da ke kasar Faransa, wanda Waziri Amadu dan kasar Nijar yake jagoranta su ne suka shirya wannan tafiya.<br /><br />A kashin farko na wannan tafiya, wasu kamfanonin wallafa guda biyar ne suka fara zuwa kasar Italy da Faransa daga kasar Nijar da kuma Afrika ta tsakaya, kwanaki biyar su ma a suka yi a tsakanin Faransa da Italiya.<br /><br />Bayan sun koma kasashensu ne mu kuma muka je wannan ziyara, a wannan karon shugabannin kamfanoni wallafa littattafai uku ne suka je wannan ziyara, wato Dan bourgami Magaouata, shugaban kamfanin Danbourgami (Niger)da Issouf Oumarou Alzumma shugaban kamfani Alpha (Niger) sai kuma Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino shugaban kamfanin International Nigeria Ltd. (NIGERIA).<br /><br />Mutum biyu da suka taho daga Nijar sun riga ni zuwa da kwana biyu, ni na bar Nijeriya ranar Lahadi 8 ga watan 11 da dare misalin karfe goma sha daya in da muka wayi gari a birnin Paris wajen karfe shida muka sauka, wato mun yi kamar awa shida muna tafiya kenan.<br /><br />Daga nan muka shiga layin da jami’an tsaro za su duba passport dinmu. A nan na ga abin mamaki da ban haushi wato fasfot din Nijeriya ba a daraja shi a kasashen duniya, domin ni kadai na ga an dade ana duba fasfot dina sannan aka nemi in nuna takardar gayyata da aka ba ni ta zuwa wannan ziyara a kasar Italiya kafin a buga min hatimi a kan fasfot dina, abin ya ba ni mamki har na shiga tambayar kaina da kaina, shin ta yaya shi wannan jami’in tsaro zai ce in kawo takardar gayyata ta ya gani, bayan ga biza a ba ni ta kasar Italiya, shin ofishin jakadanci Italiya zai ba ni biza ne ba tare da na cika sharudan da suka tanada ba? Wannan abu ya ba ni takaici kwarai da gaske, don ganin babu wanda aka yi wa wannan abu sai ni kadai dan Nijeriya. Amma babu yadda zan yi don na san wasu daga cikin ‘yan Nijeriyar ne suka zubar mana da kima da martabar da muke da ita a da, na san lokacin da in dan Nijeriya zai tafi Ingila ba ya bukatar biza sai in ya je filin jirgin saman London a nan za a buga masa hatimi ya shiga, kamar yadda in mutum zai shiga kasar Nijar yana da fasfot ake yi masa.<br /><br />Haka dai muka wuce muka je wajen jiran wani jirgin da zai dauke mu zuwa kasar Italiya, Mun yi jira na wajen awa daya sannan muka sake shiga wani jirgin muka nufi Italiya. Nan kuma a cikin jirgin ni kadai ne bakar fata, duk jajaye ne daga Turawa sai mutanen kasar Sin da Indiyawa da Italiyawa da dai sauransu.<br /><br />Bayan kamar awa biyu muna tafiya sannan muka sauka a kasar Italiya. A nan ban gamu da wata matsala ta duba fasfot ko wani abu ba, illa kawai jinkirin daukar babbar jakata da aka dan samu, don na fi minti talatin ban ga jakar ta iso daga ramin da ake turo kayan ba.<br /><br />Tun lokacin da muka sauka daga jirgi na kira wayar shugaban tafiyar, wato Waziri Amadu, ya amsa min da cewa shi ma yanzu ya sauka, don haka yana nan yana jira na a wajen fita, na shaida masa ni kuma ina so in dauki kayana tukunna.<br /><br />Da na ga kayan sai na sake kiransa na ce ga ni nan fitowa ina za mu hadu? Ya shaida min. Muka hadu muka hau tasi muka nufi masaukinmu. Tsakanin masaukin da filin jirgi ya kai nisan kilomita ashirin. <br /><br />Bayan mun isa masauki ba mu fi minti goma sha biyar ba sai direban kamfanin da muka zo don ziyararsu wato Arti Grafiche ya zo ya dauke mu don ya kai mu kamfanin, domin su abokan tafiyar tamu da suka zo daga Nijar suna can kamfanin. A kan hanya ne direban yake shaida mana ai ya je filin jirgi don ya dauko mu ya kasa samun mu.<br /><br />Bayan wasu ‘yan mintina muka isa kamfani Arti Grafiche da ke unguwar masana’antu ta Pomezia, muka iske Magawata Danbourgami da Umar Alzumma, daga nan muka ci gaba da tattaunawa game da abin da ya kawo mu, wato kulla huldar yin aiki tare a bangaren wallafa littattafai, a nan dai muka wuni a kamfanin, sai da yamma bayan karfe biyar sannan jami’ar kasuwanci ta wannan kamfani wato Ms Nelly ta dauke mu mu hudu ta kai masauki. <br /><br />Washegari muka sake komawa kamfanin don ci gaba da tattauna batutuwan ayyukan wannan kamfani na wallafa littattafai. Abubuwan da muka tattauna shi ne batun farashi da kuma yadda in an buga littattafan za a debu su a jirgin ruwa ko na sama da kum sauran wasu batutuwa da suka shafi kulla hulladar aiki tare da su da mu da muka zo daga Afrika ta yamma. <br /><br />Da lokacin cin abincin rana ya yi muka koma masaukinmu tare da manajar kasuwanci Ms Nelly. Daga baya kuma mutane biyu daga cikin manajojin kamfanin suka zo don mu ci abincin rana tare das u, wato Mr. Poulo da Mr Luciano. Gaskiya an baje kolin abinci amma kash! Irin wanda zan iya ci kadan ne a ciki, wato kamar biredi da kifi sai kuma nama, amma sauran sun gagare ni. Haka dai aka yi wannan cin abinci aka gama, amma in na kalli wani abincin sai in ji zuciyata na tashi saboda kwamacalar da aka hada a cikinsa. Lallai abincin wani ba na wani ba.<br /><br />Bayan an gama muka sake dawowa kamfanin don mu ga injinan da ake buga littattafai na zamani. Mun dade a cikin wannan bangare na buga littattafai kuma mun ga injinan da ba mu taba gani ba sai dai a cikin mujallu ko a finafinai na Turai. A nan muka ga wani inji mai saurin buga littafi, wanda kafin awa guda zai buga madaidaicin littafi guda 10,000. Lallai aiki ga mai kare ka.<br /><br />A rayuwar duk wani mai harkar buga littafi ya ga ya mallaki mada’a, haka shi kuma dan jarida ya ga ya kafa kamfanin mujalla ko jarida, mai harkar yada labarai na rediyo kuma ya ga ya kafa gidan rediyo ko talbijin. Haka dai muka fito muna ta addu’ar Allah ya gwada mana lokacin da za mu mallaki ire-iren wadannan kayan aiki na dab’in littattafai. Da yamma bayan karfe biyar aka dawo da mu masauki.<br /><br />A wannan rana da dare ya yi muka tafi wani gidan cin abinci, ga katon littafi an kawo don mu zabi abincin da za mu ci amma da Italiyanci aka rubuta kuma Italiyanci suka iya sai Faransanci da Turanci dan kadan wanda ba a rasa ba. Ni dai na ce ina son a kawo min shinkafa da kifi, da yake yarinyar mai kawo abincin ta fi fahimtar Faransanci sai aka shiga yi min tafinta, wato fassara daga Hausa zuwa Faransanci ana gaya mata abubuwan da nake so, mai yi min tafinta ya gaya wa yarinyar irin abin da nake so na ci da kuma da sha.<br /><br />Assha! An kuma mace ta haifi mace. Bayan mun yi zama fiye da minti talatin muna jiran abincin, tun da dama a lokacin da ka fadi abin da za a kawo maka sannan ake dafawa. Can aka kawo abinci, na kalli shinkafar da na ce a kawo min na kau da kai, don abubuwan da na ga an zubu a ciki, an yi dafa duka da su, wato kaguwa da dodon kudi da wasu abubuwa masu kafafu kamar gizogizo su ne aka yi wannan dafa dukar shinkafa da su. Nan fa na kama fada, cewa a gaya mata a garinsu haka ne shikafa da kifi, ai duk duniya kifa guda daya ne, ba kaguwa ko dodon kudi ne ba. Wani abin haushi dodon kodin har da kwanson sa (kokonsa) aka zubu shi turmis.<br /><br />Mai yi min tafinta ya ce, ta koma ta kawo kifi da dankalin Turawa. Kuma abincin ga tsadar tsiya, kowane filet daya ya fi Naira dubu uku a kudin Nijeriya, ga shi kuma dan kadan, (ita dai wannan dafadukar da ba za ta ciyu a gare ni ba). Nan dai shugaban tafiyar tamu wato Waziri Amadou da yake mai barkwanci ne, sai ya ce, ‘Ai kuwa Malam Ado ya kamata ka ci ka ji ka ga sai ka rubuta a rubutun ka nan gaba ko?’ Na ce, ‘Ai in na ci wannan abubuwan ban san yadda za mu kare da su ba, maganin kada a ji kada a fara, don haka ba zan fara ba.<br /><br />Washegari kuma muka tafi yawon ganin gari, inda direban kamfanin Arti Grafiche mai suna Alkabeer, wani dan kasar Marocco ya dauke mu ya nufi birnin Roma don mu ga toshon birnin Roma da kuma fadar Fafaroma da ke Batikan.<br /><br />Nisan birnin Roma daga Pomezia wato inda muka sauka ya kai kilomita ashirin da biya. Muna dosowa kofar shiga birnin Alkabeer ya ce wannan ita ce kofar shiga birnin Roma. <br /><br />Haka dai muka yi ta ganin gine-gine tsofaffi wadanda suka yi shekaru dubunnai kamar yadda ake shaida mana. A nan muka ga ginin da maza ke gwada karfi, wato fadar Siza na Roma, wato wajen da aka yi fim din nan na Giladiyeto.<br /><br />Daga nan bayan mun gama da wadannan wuraren sai muka nufi fadar Batikan. Muna zuwa muka dinga ganin mutane masu kai ziyara don kallo, wato irin mu da kuma masu zuwa don yin ibada. Kofar shiga wajen ibadar akwai jami’an tsaro da motocinsu suna kai komo don tabbatar da wani abu bai faru ba. Tsofaffi da ba za su iya tafiya ba ana tura su a kan keken guragu, ga kuma masu cin kasuwa nan a wajen harabar suna ta karakaina. <br /><br />Wani abin dariya da aka yi, mu muna daukar hotuna tare da abokan tafiyar mu, ni kuma baki suna dauka ta hoto, na kati da bidiyo, saboda doguwar riga ta shadda da hula da na sanya. Wasu ma zuwa suke yi su ce don Allah muna so mu dauki hoto da kai, wani ya zo shi kadai wani ya zo da matarsa wani saurayi da budurwa ne suke zuwa.<br /><br />Nan fa shugaban tafiyar tamu, da yake mutum ne mai barkwanci, Waziri Amadou sai ya ce “To kai Malam Ado ka zama wani gidan tarihi ko gidan zoo, ko kuma gidan kallo ga shi sai baki ne suke ta daukar ka hotuna, to ko kudi za mu sanya ne duk mai son daukar hotonka sai ya biya?” Sai na yi dariya na ce masa “Ka ga kuwa da mun tara kudi, ko da Euro biyar muka ce duk mutum daya zai biya, daga nan zuwa yamma ai da mun tara kudi da yawa” Muka yi dariya mu duka. Na ce “To Danbourgami Magaouata kai za ka zama mai amsar kudi ko?”<br /><br />Muna cikin wannan magana sai ga wata mata da miji su ma sun zo sun ce “Don Allah za mu dauki hoto da kai” Na ce “To ba komai ku dauka”. Na tsaya matar ta zo ta tsaya kusa da ni mijin ya dauke ta” Sai ni ma na ce “To bari in bayar da kyamarata a dauke mu”. Ta tsaya aka dauke mu tare, suka yi godiya suka tafi, suna fara’a da dariya. A karshe sun ce min daga Barazil suka zo, ni kuma fa, na ce daga Kano, arewacin Nijeriya. <br /><br />Da muka gama muka dawo, a kan hanyarmu ta komawa masauki dorebanmu Alkabeer ya ce zai kai mu wajen cin abinci na Halal, wato na musulmi. Haka aka yi kuwa. A nan ne na san na ci abinci sosai saboda na sami irin abincin da zuciyata ta yi na’am da shi.<br />Washegari ranar 12 ga wata muka dawo birnin Paris, in da za mu yi kwana biyu kafin kowa ya koma kasarsa. <br /><br />Mutanen Nijar jirgin su ya riga namu tashi, bayan karfe bakwai na safe suka taso, ni kuma sai bayan karfe goma sha daya na taso, kuma tafiyar awa biyu ce tsakanin Italiya da Paris, kuma da yake an sami jinkirin jirgi sai bayan sha biyu muka tashi, don haka ba mu iso Paris ba sai bayan karfe biyu na rana. Nan ma a wajen jiran kayana sai da mutane hudu mace biyu namiji biyu suka zo don neman su dauki hoto da ni, wannan karon mutanen Jafan da Cana ne suka zo.<br /><br />A Paris kuma abin da ya faru gare ni shi ne, na ci wani abinci da ya sa ni atini na wuni a daki, na kasa fita ko’ina sai dai zaman otel, sai da abokan tafiyata suka sayo min magana na sha, sannan na samu ‘yar sa’ida.<br /><br />Sai washegari ne muka sami damar fita muka zaga gari muka je wajen dugon karfen nan da ake kira Tawa Elfe. Sannan kuma muka je ofishin hukamar da ta shirya wannan tafiya wato OIF, inda muka mika musu rahoton wannan tafiya da muka yi da kuma irin matsayar da muka cim ma da su wadannan kamfani na Arti Grafiche don su ajiye a ma’adanar su ta hukamar OIF.<br /><br />Wannan tafiya dai ta ba mu wata dama da muka hada huldar yin aiki da wannan kamfani na wallafa kuma mun karu da ilmi mai yawa a wadannan kasashe biyu, sannan kuma a cikin rubutun da nake na littafina na tafiye-tafiye mai suna GANI DA IDO… na dada samun abubuwan da zan sanya a cikinsa kamar yadda na samu a bara lokacin da na je kasar Jamus.<br /><br />Fatanmu dai Allah ya sa wannan ilmi da muka samu ya zama ya amfanar da jama’armu marubuta da mawallafa da kuma sauran jama’a masu karatu.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-83160047705572707282010-03-30T15:46:00.018+01:002010-03-30T17:01:32.795+01:00TAFIYA MABUDIN ILMI: Balaguron Kwanaki 26 a Kasar BirtaniyaMasu iya magana suna cewa, tafiya sannu-sannu kwana nesa, wannan haka yake, ga shi har na yi kwanaki ashirin da shida a kasar Birtaniya, a kan tafiyata don rubutun littafin GANI DA IDO...da kuma nuna fim din SANDAR KIWO. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Filin jirgin saman Amsterdam da Heathrow</span><br />Lokacin da muka sauka a filin jirgin saman Amsterdam inda za mu sauka mu hau wani jirgin da zai karasa da mu London, ba mu jima ba muka sauya jirgi muka tashi zuwa filin jirgin Heathrow na London, misalin karfe 7. 40 muka fito muka nufi wajen jami’an kula da shige da fice, aka fara duba fasfot dinmu, sai da suka tambaye ni me na zo yi nan London, na shaida musu ni marubuci ne kuma na zo ne a kan rubutun littafi da nake yi a kan tafiye-tafiye a Afrika da turai, aka kuma nemi a ga tikitina na komawa da kuma kwanakin da zan yi, duk na nuna su, sannan na wuce. <br /><br />Da na fito wajen da masu zuwa tarbar baki suke, sai na tsaya don in ga wadda ta zo tarba ta wato Katrin Schulze, wata Bajamishiya da take karatun digiri na uku, wato tana neman takardar shaidar dakta a fannin zane-zane. Bayan wasu ‘yan mintina sai ga ta nan ta karaso inda nake, don lokacin da na fito ita kuma tana wani bangaren.<br /><br />Daga nan muka nufi wajen shiga jirgin kasan karkashin kasa don isa gida. Mun kai minti arba’in muna tafiya kafin mu isa gidan, don gidan yana arewacin London. Gidan yana lamba 46 Park Road, Turnpike Lane, London N15 3HR. Gidan dalibai ne a cikinsa su bakwai, mata uku mazu hudu, daliba daya mai suna Alina Demitron daga Balgeriya, sai Katrin Schulze daga Jamus dayar kuma Caroline dag Finland, su kuma mazan biyu Dr. Abdullahadi Bala Yahaya daga Kano- Nijeriya, da Dr. Isa Jibril jihar Neja-Nijeriya, akwai kuma Khairul Islam da kuma Reza dukkansu daga Bangaladash dukkansu suna karatun digiri na uku ne. <br /><br />Bayan na dan huta ne muka nufi jami’ar SOAS, don in hadu da manyan shaihunnan malaman Hausa na wannan makaranta, kamar Farfesa Graham Furness da Philips Jigger da sauransu, sannan kuma in ga Dr. Lindiwe Dovey da ke sashen koyar da finafinan Afrika.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Ashe Filashin a nan London batsa ce?</span><br />Wani abin dariya da aka yi ranar farko da na sauka a birnin London wajen karfe uku na rana. Mun je na sayi sabon layin waya da zan dinga amfani da shi mai suna lyca sai na ce da wadda ta raka ni wato Katrin, bari in yi miki filashi ki ga lambar tawa, sai ta kece da dariya tana cewa, kai ka yi a hankali wannan kalmar ba mai dadi ce ba a nan garin. Sai na ce kamar yaya? Sai ta ce ai ina ka ce za ka yi filashin kamar ka ce bari in budi jikina ki gani ne. <br /><br />Sai na ce wani irin jiki? Sai ta ce kamar ka yi tsirara ko kuma makamancin haka, a kan hanyar da mutane suke wucewa ko a cikin mota ko kuma ga wata mace, shi ake nufi da filashin. Na ce to, ai kuwa ba zan kara fadi ba har wani ya ji.<br /><br />Da muka isa jami’a, mun hadu da mutane da yawa malamai da dalibai wadanda nake sa rai zan gani da kuma wadanda ma ban zata ba, cikinsu akwai Farfesa Ahmad Halliru Amfani na jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto, ya zo yin wasu na labintis harkoki na ilmi na tsawon wata uku, da wani malami daga jami’ar jihar Kano mai suna Ibrahim Abdullahi wanda yake karatun digiri na uku a fannin kididdigar lissafi, dukkanmu mun yi farin cikin haduwa da juna. A wannan rana aka sanar da ni akwai liyafar cin abinci ta maraba da wani Dr. Usman Ladan da ya zo daga jami’ar Ahmadu Bello ta Zariya, zai yi irin zaman da Farfesa Amfani zai yi na wata uku, za a yi liyafar ranar litinin 01/03/2010 da karfe 12.30 na rana. <br /><br />Kowace rana mukan zo jami’ar SOAS sannan in kuma muna da tsarin fita ganin gari mu fita tare da Katrin, ko Farfesa Amfani don a nuna min gurare. Duk da yake ana yin ruwan sama jefi jefi, ga kuma sanyi, a haka dai muke fita mu zagaya don in an ce ba za a fita ba don ruwa, to kuwa ba za a yi komai ba kenan, don haka duk da ban saba ba a haka nake fita cikin ruwan.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Wasu daga cikin wuraren da muka ziyarta akwai</span><br />London Planetarium da Madame Tussaud da British Museum da Trafalgar Square da Natural History Museum da Buckingham Palace da Tottenham court Road da Oxford Street da Middlesex Street da Houses of Parliament da Tower Bridge da London Bridge da Brixton da Alexander palace da kuma Old Street.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Mun ziyarci Sashen Hausa na gidan rediyon BBC</span><br />Ranar 25/02/2010, wajen karfe uku na rana muka nufi gidan rediyon BBC ni da Farfesa Ahmad Halliru Amfani, inda aka yi hira da shi a kan harshen Hausa, kuma mun sami haduwa da wasu daga cikin ma’aikatansu kamar Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina da Suwaiba Ahmad da Muhammad Jamil Yusha’u da Ahmad Abba Abdullahi da Mansur Liman da kuma Aminu Abdulkadir da kuma Jamila Tangaza shugaba sashen. Mun dade a gidan rediyon, har sai da aka yi sallar magariba sannan muka taho makaranta. A lokacin ne Sulaiman Ibrahim ya gayyace mu cin abinci gidansa da ke wajen garin London wato Forest Gate. <br /><br />Da ranar ta zo muka je muka ci abinci a gidansa, muka yi sallar magariba da isha’i. Na lura da wani abu da ya birge ni sosai a gidan Sulaiman, wato batun addini, gaskiya bai yi sake zaman Turai ya sa ya manta da addini ba, haka nan iyalinsa, duk ya sanya su bisa turbar addini, sannan kuma suna yin Hausa sosai a cikin gidan, sabanin wasu da in sun fita suke mantawa da duk wadannan abubuwa, wato tarbiyya da al’ada da addini da kuma harshensu, don cikin ‘ya’yansa mata har da wadanda suka sauke Alkur’ani a nan birnin London. Abin dai sai son barka.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />An nuna fin din Sandar Kiwo </span><br />A ranar Talata 2/03/2010 aka nuna fim din Sandar Kiwo ga dalibai da malaman sassa biyu wato masu koyon Hausa da kuma finafina Afrika, har ma da baki daga wajen makarantar. Cikin mutanen da suka halarci wannan wajen kallon fim sun hada da Farfesa Philips Jagger da Farfesa Ahmad Halliru Amfani da Farfesa Miry Las (sananne a fannin tarihi) da Dr. Lindiwe Dovey da Barau na Chedi wato Williams Barry Burgerss tsohon shugaban BBC, yanzu kuma malamiN Hausa a jami’ar SOAS da Dr. Chege Githiora mai koyar da harshen Swahili da Jamila Tangaza shugabar sashen Hausa na BBC da Jamilu Mustapha Chedi, Kano, wanda yake karatun digiri na biyu a kan wani sabon fanni a Nijeriya, mai suna ‘designing and ergonomics’ a jami’ar Coventry sai kuma Ibrahim Abdullahi, Kano da ke Jami’ar London yana yin digiri na uku a fannin kididdigar lissafi. <br /><br />Kafin a fara nuna fim din sai da Farfesa Philips Jagger ya gabatar da ni da kuma gajeren bayanin abin da fim din ya kunsa, sannan ni kuma na karanta dan gajeren jawabin dalilin yin fim din da kuma abin da ake fata a yi in an gama kallon fim din, duka cikin harshen ingilishi aka yi jawaban. <br /><br />Bayan an gama kallon fim din Sandar Kiwo na tsawon awa daya da minti talatin da shida sai aka bayar da dama in da masu son cewa wani abu wanda ya danganci gyara ko shawara ko kuma suka. Mutum na farko da ya yi magana shi ne Dr. Chege Githiora wanda ke koyar da harshen Swahili, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata mu masu shirya finafinan Hausa mu dinga sanya fassara da harshen Swahili don ya samu karbuwa ga wasu sassa na duniya masu amfani da wannan harshe, kuma ya ce kofa a bude take gare mu a wajensa don gudanar da wannan aiki.<br /><br />Jamila Tangaza wadda take shugabancin sashen Hausa na BBC London, cewa ta yi, an yi kokari wajen shirya wannan fim kuma ya kamata a kara wani kokarin wajen taba wasu fannoni na rayuwar Hausawa musamman na karkara.<br /><br />Sauran abubuwan da mutane suka bayyana su ne, sun ji dadin ganin wannan fim kuma yana da ban tausayi sosai, ga shi kuma labarin ana gane shi da abubuwan da yake kunshi da shi, cikin sauki ba tare da sarkakkiya ba. <br />Na Ziyarci garin Oxford<br />Ranar Laraba 3/3/2010 ne na tafi garin Oxford don ganawa da wata mata mai suna Mary Jay, sakatariyar masu shirya gasar Noma Award for publishing in Africa, wadda ake bayar da fan dubu goma #10,000 (na Ingila), kimanin Naira miliyan biyu da rabi kenan kudin Nijeriya, ga wanda duk ya yi na daya. Tsakanin birnin London da garin Oxford tafiyar awa daya da minti arba’in 1.40 ce, a cikin irin doguwar motar nan mai hawa biyu. Kuma kudin motar fan 16 ne, kamar Naira dubu hudu kenan (4,000) kudin Nijeriya. Mun bar birnin London da misalin 11.19 na safe kuma mun isa Oxford bayan karfe daya na rana. Sai dai lokacin da muka yi da farko za mu hadu da ita sai ya zama tana da wani mitin a lokacikin don haka da na isa sai na kira ta, sai ta gaya min in dan yi hakuri ta gama mitin din.<br /><br />Lokacin da nake zaman jiran ta ne na shiga kantin sayar da kayan shaye-shaye da ciye-ciye da ke Gloucester Green bus station, na ce a ba ni shayi da madara da ‘meat-pea’ wato fanke a hausa ke nan. An ba ni shayi da madara da wani dan karamin fanke, na tambaya nawa kudin, aka ce fan uku da wasu ‘yan sulalla, kudin Nijeriya kusan N1000 kamar Naira dari takwas kenan, na biya, na zo na zauna ina sha ina ganin gari. Na kalli fanke da shayin nan, na ce Allah daya gari bamban, shayi da madara da dan wannan fanken su ne a kan wannan kudin, da a garinmu ne na sayi shayin wannan kudin Naira dari takwas ai da an ga ire-iren hadin da ke cikin sa, kuma komai da komai sai ka gani a tare da shayin. Na yi dariya na ce haka dai kasashen Turai suke da tsadar rayuwa, amma babu kamar Ingila. Don a tafiye-tafiyen da na yi zuwa Italiya da Faransa da Jamus ba su kai tsadar nan ba. <br /><br />Da na gama ne na tashi na shiga wata ‘yar kasuwa da aka baje kolin kayan abinci da sauran kayan bukatun yau da kullum har da kayan sawa. Bayan na gama da kasuwar sai na kara yin gaba na biyo layi ina ganin yadda garin Oxford yake. Ban jima ban a koma, wajen wannan kantin daman an muka yi za mu hadu. <br /><br />Ban jima da komawa wannan kantin ba na ji ta kira ni tana tambayar ina ina, na shaida mata. Ba a yi minti biyar ba kuwa ta iso wajen da nake. Ta yi min tayin shan shayi ko kofi, na ce ai na sha shayi yanzu, don haka muka je ta kabo shayi ta zo muka zauna, muka fara tattauna abubuwan da suka kawo ni, sannan ta tambaye ni me na zo yi London, na shaida mata na taho ne a bisa dalilin rubutun wani littafi da nake yi mai suna Gani Da Ido…, da kuma fim dina da aka nuna a jami’ar SOAS. Ta yi murna kwarai da jin wadannan dalilai na zuwana. Sannan kuma muka shiga tattauna batun wallafa littattafai a kasashen Afrika da kuma wani aiki da take yi a African Books collective. Ta ba ni labarin kasashen da ta je a Afrika, ni ma na gaya mata kasashen Afrika da Turai da na ziyarta. <br /><br />Mun dade muna hira, da muka gama, sai ta ce na san garin Oxford, na ce a’a wannan ne karo na farko, ta ce na shiga gari na ga yadda yake?, na ce a’a. Daga nan ta ce mu zaga in gani, in dauki hotuna tun da rubutu nake yi na sami wanda zan sa a ciki.<br /><br />Da yake a kasashen Turai tafiya a kasa an mayar da ita dabi’a, sai muka fara dukan sayyada muna zaga gari, ta nuna min tsufaffin jami’o’in garin da kuma wani kantin sayar da littattafai wanda ya fi kowane dadewa a Birtaniya, wato Blackwell, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1897. <br /><br />Bayan mun gama zagawa da daukar hotuna sai muka yi bankwana da ita na dawo wajen da zan hawo motar da za ta dawo da ni birnin London. Mota za ta tashi da misalin karfe 4.10 na yamma, lokacin yana cika kuwa motar ta tashi ba tare da kara lokaci ba.<br />Na bata a birnin London<br /><br />Mun iso London kusan karfe shida na yamma, lokacin dare ya yi tun da an yi sallar magariba. Ashe zan bata ban sani ba, lokacin da muka isa garin kafin mu karasa tashar da ya kamata direba ya kai mu sai ya yi sanarwa a cikin motar cewa ba zai karasa Burkingham Palace Road ba a nan Victoria zai tsaya, kuma bai shiga cikin tashar da motocin suke tashi ba, a hanya kafin ya karasa ya tsaya, ni kuma waccan tasah na fi ganewa ban gane nan inda zai ajiye ni ba, amma babu yadda zan yi sai na sauka, na je wajen da ake shiga motoci masu zuwa wurare daban-daban, wato wurin tsayawar motoci. Na duba duk taswirar da ke makale a jikin allon sanarwa amma ban ga wajen da zan je ba, wato Russell square, don haka sai na ce to bari in kira mai masaukina ta gaya min yadda zan yi, na kira ba ta dauka ba sai salular ce ta amsa da kanta, na bar mata sako, sai na kira Farfesa Ahmad Halliru Amfani don ya gaya min ta yadda zan yi in koma jami’a, sai ya ce gaskiya bai san wace mota zan hawo ba amma in shiga tashar jirgi in hawo jirgin da zai zo Russell square in da jami’ar take kenan, wato shi ya fi sanin hanyar jirgi fiye da mota. Na sake karasawa can inda tashar take na tambayi wani ma’akiacin wajen, bakar fata ne, ya duba taswira ya ce in yi nan zan ga wajen, da na zo wajen hanyar da zan bi in hau jirgi na dauko katina na sanya a shingen da aka yi a kan hanyar, amma karfen ya ki budewa, don haka na tambayi wani ma’aikacin wajen, sai ya karbi katin nawa ya kara a wani waje sai ya ce sai na zuba kudi a ciki, ga wajen da zan je can in biya a kara min.<br /><br />Na yi turus, na kadai ina cewa, ni da nake da kudi a ciki yaya za a ce sai na kara kudi bayan kudina ba su kare ba, fan 25 na fara sawa lokacin da na zo, sannan na kara fan 21 gaba daya ina da fan 46, kimanin Naira 11,500 na sanya a katin don hawa mota. Sai na ce gaskiya ba zan kara ba bari in nemi inda mota take in hau.<br /><br />To fa! Ashe na yi gudun gara na cim ma zago, da na sani ma kara kudin na yi in hau jirgin kawai. Da na tafi a kafa na samu inda zan hau mota amma ba mai zuwa inda za ni kai tsaye ba, sai an sake hawa wata motar, na hau mota ta sauke ni a Holborn, nan ma ba a sauke ni a daidai inda zan gane ba, amma na tambayi matar da take tuka wannan babbar motar, da zan sauka ta yi min wani baubawan kwatance wanda ban gane ba, na yi ta bilinbituwa da buliya a tsakanin wajen, mahadace kamar biyar, na yi ta safa da marwa a wajen ban gane ba, na yi ta kokarin kuma in kira lambobin wayar Katrin ko Farfesa Amfani amma baturina ya mutu, don haka babu sauran gyaran mai kalangu ya fada ruwa, wato dai ba sauran sadarwa tsakanina da masu yi min kwatancen hanya, don haka yanzu sai abin da hali ya yi dan daudu a kiyama. Don haka ya zama wajibi in san yadda zan yi in dawo da kaina makaranta ko ta halin kaka, don haka sai na cire tunanin kiran kowa a waya, na shiga neman mafita. <br /><br />Na fi minti goma sha biyar ina ta bin wajen tsayawar motoci ina karanta taswira don in ga motar da zan hau. Ina nan ina dubawa sai na ji murya ta bayana an ce, da gani wannan bai san inda za shi ba, na waigo sai na ga Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina yana murmushi, muka gaisa, na ce kai amma dai Allah ya taimake ni. Na ba shi labarin abin da ya faru, ya yi dariya ya ce ai ka kusa da wajen tsallaka can bangaren ka hau mota mai lamba 73, ita za ta kai ka Russell Square. Muka yi bankwana da murmushi, na tsallaka na hau mota shi ma ya hau mota ya nufi unguwarsu wato Forest Gate.<br /><br />Ina zuwa makaranta na tarar Katrin ba ta nan ta bazama nema na, amma ta bar sallahu in na zo in jira ta a dakin masu binciki, inda na’urori masu kwakwalwa ne tirmis a ciki da injin juyar takardu ‘photocopy’ da sauran kayan bukatun masu bincike. Na zauna na ci gaba da zaga duniya a cikin yanar gizo. <br /><br />Bayan na share kusan awa daya ina cikin ofishin tare da wani dalibi dan kasar Bangaladash, sai ga Katrin ta shigo a jigace, ta fi awa biyu tana nemana ba ta same ni ba, ta yi ta kiran wayata a rufe sai murya salular ce take amsa mata. Tana ganina ta yi turus ta dafe kirji ta koma kan kujera ta zauna, tana nuna abin mamaki a fuskarta. Muka shiga tattaunawa kan irin yadda ta damu da kuma rudewa ta rashin gani na da ta yi, har nake tsokanarta ina cewa, ko tana tsoro kada mutanena su ce ta batar da ni a London? Muka yi barkwanci muka gama sannan muka nufi gida.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Na ziyarci yankin Hammers Smith a yammacin London </span><br />Ibrahim Abdullahi Kano wanda yake malami ne a jami’ar kimiyya da fasaha ta Kano, yana zaune a gundumar Hammer Smith a yammacin London, unguwar White City da ke Shaferds Bush, kusan shekara uku kenan yake zaune a garin tare da iyalinsa, ya gayyace ni cin abinci a gidandsa. Ranar Alhamis bayan na je BBC an yi hira da ni a filin Taba Kidi Taba Karatu, wajen karfe bakwa na dare ya zo BBC muka tafi tashar jirgin kasa muka je unguwar tasu. A can muka yi sallar magariba da isha’i, sannan muka tsaya muka gaisa da wasu ‘yan Nijeriya, muka dawo gidan muka ci tuwon suman bita miyar kuka da yaji da kuma man shanu. Da muka gama hirar da za mu yi ya rako ne tashar jirgi na dawo Holborn (inda na bata wata rana) na hawo mota na dawo jami’a. Shi ma Ibriahim mutum ne mai riko da addini sosai. A wannan unguwa ta White City gidan talbijin na BBC yake don haka kafin in bar unguwar sai da muka je ginin gidan talbijin din, sannan kuma a wanna unguwa ne babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki da ya fi kowane girma da zamananci a nan London yake, ana kiran sa da suna Westfield. Ibrahim ya nuna min shi, ya ce ba don ba lokaci ba da mun je mun shiga, na ce ba komai tun da ana can ana jira na a jami’a. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Hira da kafafen yada labarai</span><br />Tun lokacin da zan taho London na sanar da abokaina da ke kafafen yada labarai na rediyo da jaridu, don haka da na zo nan London sai muka yi ta yin hira da su, ciki kuwa har da sashen Hausa na BBC, su zuwana gidan sau uku. Sannan Rediyo Faransa su ma wakilinsu na nan London Idris Muhammad Aminu, ya same ne har masaukina muka yi hira da shi. Su kuma gidan rediyoyin Kasar Nijar, wato Sarauniya da ke Maradi sau biyu muna yin hira da su kai tsaye tare da Laminu Gwanda, haka nan gidan rediyon Altanative da ke Yamai, mun yi hira shi ma ta kai tsaye da Sule Maje Rejeto. Rediyo Freedom ma mun yi za mu tattauna da Baharu mai gabatar da filin Finafinan Hausa amma matsalar layin waya ya hana mu samu damar yin hirar. <br /><br />Sai kuma wani gidan talbijin mai suna Success TV, ta wani dan Nijeriya, wadanda suke gudanar da shirye-shirye a cikin harshen Hausa da Turanci, mun yi za a yi wata tattaunawa da ni amma saboda lokacin da za a yi hirar ni kuma na bar birnin London, na taho garin Telford, don haka hirar ba ta yiwu ba. <br /><br />Na yi kwanaki goma a cikin birnin London, sannan yanzu kuma na kara gaba zuwa ina garin Telford. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Garin Telford</span><br />Garin Telford shi ne zangona na biyu a wannan tafiya, kuma a nan garin na yi kwanaki goma sha biyar, sannan na dawo gida Kano-Nijeria, wato ranar Asabar 20/03/2010.<br /><br />Garin yana da mutane 125,000 a cikinsa, muna iya kiransa karkara, yana kusa da garin Birmingham, gari ne mai yawan ma’aikatu, shi ne garin da aka fara kafa masana’anta a Birtaniya don haka ma suke yi masa kirari da Birth place of industry. Ba mutane da yawa, don haka ma ba za ka dinga ji ko ganin zirga-zirgar mutane kamar birnin London ko Birmingham ko Oxford ko Coventry ko kuma Sheffield ba, wato sauran garuruwan da na ziyarta kenan. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Birmingham</span><br />Mun je garin Birmingham ranar Talata ni da mai masaukina Umar Dan’asabe Barde a cikin motarsa don ya sayo rago sannan kuma in ga gari. Bayan tafiyar kamar minti ashirin da biyar muka isa Birmingham, muka isa wani kamfanin sayar da yankakkun raguna na mutanen Pakistan, musulmai. Muka sayo daga nan kuma muka dan zaga gari sannan muka dawo gida Telford. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Garin Coventry</span><br />Ranar Juma’a na hau jirgin kasa daga garin Telford na kai ziyarci garin Coventry don in gani da idona, wajen wanda na je kuwa shi ne Jamilu Mustapha Chedi, wanda yake karatun digiri na biyu a jami’ar Coventry. Tafiyar kusan awa da ya ce ta kai ni garin. Da yake mun yi alkawari zai zo tarba ta, ina sauka kuwa na gan shi a tsaye yana jira na, na tarar da shi tare da wani abokinsa mai suna Nasiru Garba Anka wanda yake karatun digiri na uku, wato zai zama dakta kenan a fannin tsara birane.<br /><br />Haka dai muka tako a kafa mu uku, muna tafiya muna labarin duniya, har muka isa makaranta, Nasiru ya tsaya a makaranta, ni da Jamilu muka isa gidan da yake muka yi alwala muka fito muka nufi masallaci don sallar juma’a. Wajen da ake yin sallar filin wasan kwallon hannu da na Kwando ne, in kuma a daidai lokacin sallar juma’ar akwai wani wasa da za a yi a wajen sai dai masu sallar juma’ar su nemi wani wajen su yi sallar. Yau dai an yi sa’a ba wani wasa da ya zo daidai da sallar juma’a don haka a nan muka yi salla. <br /><br />Da aka idar da salla muka fito waje muka hadu da wasu ‘yan’uwa ‘yan Nijeriya daya daga Kano, Bashir da Adamu Gwani Yola, daga Katsina kuma akwai Yakubu da Abdulaziz, sai Idris Ahmad Adamawa, muka gaisa muka dauki hotuna tare sannan muka yi bankwana da juna. Daga nan muka nufi wasu wurare da muke ganin za mu iya samun damar ziyarta, tun da ba ni da lokaci sosai, tun da a ranar zan kara gaba zuwa wani garin. Mun je gidan abinci na Nando’s inda muka ci abincin rana.<br /><br />Wuraren da muka ziyarta su ne, Transport museum da West Ochord da Coventry Cathedral (wajen da Hetila ya yi waruwan bamabama) da IKEA da Coventry University da City Centre da Lower Precincts da Shoping Centre da Coventry Rail Station da kuma Pool Meadow. <br /><br />Bayan mun gama ziyarar gari mu uku sai muka hadu da wasu dalibai Abubaka Rabi’u Yola daga Adamawa da kuma Binta Umar daga jihar Kebbi, muka zama mu biyar kenan, muka zo tashar mota na sayi tikitin tafiya garin Sheffield inda zan ziyarci Muhammad Jamil Yusha’u na gidan rediyon BBC Hausa. Mun dade muna hira a wajen jiran mota, don sai bayan karfe shida motar za ta tashi. Tafiyar awa uku da rabi za mu yi kafin mu isa garin.<br /><br />Da mota ta zo muka yi bankwana na shiga mota. Kafin motar ta tashi na kira Jamilu Yusha’u na sanar da shi ga motarmu nan za ta taso yanzu. Ya ce da na zo in kira shi sai ya zo tasha ya tare ni.<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Garin Sheffield </span><br />Bayan awa uku da rabi muka isa garin Sheffield, muka sauka a tashar mota ta Sheffield Interchange. Na kira na sanar da Jamil. Bayan wasu ’yan mintuna ya zo muka tafi gidansa. A lokacin da muka isa gida wani makocinsa mai suna Dr. Kabiru Abdul Katsina, ya kawo min abinci. Sannan mun hadu da Dr. Sani Damban, wanda yake daga jihar Bauchi.<br /><br />Washegari da muka fito daga gida mun fara da Royal Hallanshire Hospital inda muka duba matar Jamilu inda take kwance ba ta da lafiya. Daga nan muka je masallaci (Muslim welfare house) muka yi sallar azahar da la’asar, sannan muka je dakin Dr. Bichi wani malami daga jami’a kimiyya da fasaha ta Kano, inda muka dan yi hira, kafin mu fita daga dakin wani malamin ya shigo shi kuma daga unguwar Chiranchi ta cikin birnin Kano yake. Sannan muka fita tare, muka je cikin Sheffield University inda muka je wasu bangarori kamar Firth Court da Information commons (library) da kuma Sheffield museum. Daga nan muka yi bankwana da mutane biyun, ni da Jamilu muka ci gaba muka karasa inda muka shiga jirgin kasa wanda ake cewa Tram muka nufi wata babbar kasuwa da ake takama da ita a wannan gari na Sheffield wato Meadowhall shopping centre da ke South Yorkshire. Sai dare muka dawo gida. <br /><br />Washegari ranar Lahadi 14/03/2010, Muhammad Jamilu ya rako ni tashar mota, muka yi bankwana ya tafi. Motarmu ta tashi da karfe takwas da rabi na safe. Za mu yi tafiyar kusan awa hudu kafin mu iso birnin London.<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Na Dawo Birnin London</span><br />Da muka iso tashar mota ta Victoria Coach Station da ke birnin London. Daga nan na shiga underground train wato jirgin karkashin kasa ya kawo ni Finsbury Park daga nan na hau wani jirgin ya kawo ni Turnpike lane, wato tashar jirgin da ke kusa da unguwar da na sauka a London kenan. Daga nan na taka da kafa na karasa gida a 46 Park Road, na iske Dr. Hadi Bala Yahaya a gida tun da yau Lahadi ba makaranta.<br /><br />Abin da ya sa na dawo birnin London don mun yi magana da Minista wato mai gidan talbijin da rediyo na Success, za su yi hira da ni, kuma mun yi alkawari da su ranar litinin da karfe goma sha daya da rabi na safe zan je wajensu.<br /><br />Washegari na tafi tashar jirgin kasa na hau jirgi daga Turnpike park na sauka a Finsbury park, amma da yake ban taba zuwa Seven sisters train station ba sai na tambayi wani bakar fata mai aiki a wannan waje, sai ya nuna min inda zan hau jirgin da zai kai ne can wajen da zan je. Muna ta tafiya sai na ga muna komawa baya, don gas hi mun wuce Finsbury mun wuce Hightbury Islington, wato wasu tashoshi da na wuce a kan hanyar da na baro gida, sai na natsu na kalli taswirar da take nuna hanyoyin da jirgin yake bi, kawai sai na ga ashe kwatancen nan ba daidai mutumin ya yi min ba, wato kamar ni gabas zan yi shi kuma ya sa na hau jirgin da ya yi yamma, wato hanyar da na baro, don haka ana zuwa babbar tashar jirgin kasa ta Kings Cross St. Pancras sai na sauka na koma bangaren da jirgi zai kai ni inda zan je, ana zuwa Finsbury na sauka na sauya wani jirgin ya kai ni Seven Sisters.<br /><br />Ni kadai ina dariya a zuciyata ina kuma cewa, amma dai wannan mutumin takadari ne, yaya zai yi min kwatancen banza yana nema ya sake batar da ni kamar yadda ya faru gare ni a ranar Laraba 3/3/2010 lokacin da na dawo daga garin Oxford?<br /><br />Da na isa Seven Sisters train station sai na kira shugaban gidan talbijin din cewa ga ni na iso, ya kwatanta min inda ofishinsu yake, na karasa ofishin. <br /><br />Mun dade muna hirar gida Nijeriya tun da shi mutumin Kaltungo ne ta jihar Bauchi. Daga baya ne muka yi hirar a talbijin ta wajen minti talatin. Bayan mun gama kuma mun dade muna tattauna wasu batutuwa, sannan muka taho tare da shi a cikin jirgin kasa zuwa jami’ar SOAS, inda za mu hadu da Farfesa Ahmad Halliru Amfani a wani kantin sayar da littattafai mai suna Woter storn. Muka shiga cikin kantin muka same shi muka zagaya cikin kantin muka duba littattafai ya sayi wadanda zai saya. Daga nan muka taho zuwa tashar jirgi ta Kings Cross St. Pancras, muka yi bankwana da Farfesa Amfani ya koma, mu kuma muka tafi gida, amma mun rabu a hanya, shi Minista ya nufi unguwarsu ni ma haka. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Na Dawo Garin Telford</span><br />Washegari na sake hawa mota da misalin karfe daya na rana na nufi garin Telford, kuma za mu yi tafiyar awa hudu da minti goma kafin mu isa garin. Da misalin karfe biyar da minti goma muka isa. <br /><br />Ranar juma’a 19/03/2010 ne muka je wajen gadar da aka fara ginawa a kasar Birtaniya, wato Iron bridge da ke garin Telford, gadar ba wata babba ce ba, haka kuma matsallakar ruwan ita ma ba mai girman gaske ce ba. An gina gadar a shekarar mdcclxxix 1796. Sannan kuma mun zagaya wurare da dama har da wajen ma’adanar sinadarin nokilaya na da da kenan garin Telford.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Na Baro Birmingham</span><br />Washegari da safe bayan karfe hudu na safe muka shiga motar Umar Dan’asabe, mai masaukina muka nufi garin Birmingham don ya kai ni filin jirgin sama, inda zan hau jirgin da zai kai ni Amsterdem. Mun isa filin jirgin wajen karfe biyar na safe. <br /><br />Bayan an auna jukunkunana guda biyu, an sanya musu alama mai dauke da sunana, aka aika da su wajen jirgi, muka fito waje ina rataye da jakar kwamfutata da kuma wata karamar jakar a hannuna, muka yi bankwana da Dan’asabe, ya hau motarsa ya tafi ni kuma na koma cikin filin jirgi, na hau saman bene inda zan jira lokacin tashin jirgina, wato karfe 7.45 kenan. Na bi layin da jami’an kula da shige da fice da kuma sauran jami’an tsaro suke duba mutane, aka caje mu aka ba mu damar shiga inda za mu jira jirgi.<br /><br />Lokaci na cika muka shiga layin shiga jirgi da kuma duba tikitinmu don shiga jirgi. Bayan mun shiga direban jirgi ya ba mu hakuri cewa zai yi dan jinkira na mintina goma sha biyar saboda ana jiran ruwan sha da za tafi da shi a cikin jirgin don bukatar fasinjoji. Tafiya tsakanin Birmingham zuwa Amsterdem za ta dauke mu awa biyu da minti goma sha biyar.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Filin jirgin Amsterdem</span><br />Mun sauka da misalin karfe goma na safe, sannan kuma za mu jira wani jirgin da zai tashi da misalin karfe daya da minti hamsin.<br /><br />A zaman jiran da za mu yi ne muka hadu da mutane daban-daban wadanda za su zo Kano wasu kuma Abuja, muka yi sallar azahar da la’asar tare da wasu daga cikinsu kafin lokacin tashin mu ya yi. Lokaci yana yi muka shiga layin da za a caje mu da kayanmu na hannu. Sanna muka shiga jirgi muka taso da misalin karfe daya da minti hamsin.<br /><br />Mun iso Abuja da misalin karfe takwas saura minti biyar. Masu sauka Abuja suka fara sauka, sannan aka ce mu ma mu sauka mu jira zuwa wani lokaci kafin mu koma cikin jirgin a karaso da mu Kano, mutanen da za su zo Kano sun fi ashirin. Da sauka wasu daga cikinmu suka yi sallar magariba da isha’i, muka ci gaba da jira.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Hazo ya Hana mu Sauka a Kano</span><br />Bayan kamar minti talatin da saukarmu a Abuja sai ma’aikatan jirgin KLM suka zo da wata sanarwa, suka ce duk wadanda za su je Kano su matso gaba za su yi mana wani bayani. Muka matso muka bude na zomaye (kunnuwa) muka kuma zura musa na mujiya (ido) don mu gani kuma mu ji mai za a ce. <br /><br />Sun bayyana mana cewa jirgin su ba zai iya zuwa Kano ya sauka ba saboda babu kyan yanayi, don haka sai dai mu yi hakuri su kai mu otel din Shareton mu kwana zuwa gobe su gani in yanayi ya yi kyau su sa mu a jirgi in babu kuma kyan yanayi su sa mu a mota su kai mu Kano. Don haka ma tuni sun fito mana da kayanmu na hannu da ke cikin jirgi sun ajiye a kan hanyar tafiya shiga jirgi, don haka kowa sai ya je ya dauko jakunkunansa, amma fa da gunaguni, cewa don mai za su fito mana da kaya ba za su bari mu je mu dauko da kanmu ba? Idan wani abu ya bata a kayanmu fa? Haka dai muka fito wajen daukar manyan jakunkunanmu muka dauko su niki-niki, muka fita waje muka loda su a kan motocin da aka tanada don kai mu otal. Ba mu isa otal ba sai bayan karfe goma na dare, kowa aka ba shi daki. Ni a hawa na bakwai aka sauke ne a daki mai lamba 740.<br /><br />Washegari da safe wajen karfe takwas aka bugo min waya a dakina aka sanar da ni cewa ana so nan da minti goma in sauko za a dauke mu a mota zuwa Kano.<br /><br />Da muka sauko muka ga katuwar motar nan wadda ake kira Makfolo, mai daukar mutane kusan saba’in. Mutanen da suka hau motar ba su kai mutum ashirin ba, don wasu tun da safe suka buga sammako, wasu kuma ba su kwana a nan otal din ba sun yi tafiyarsu tun a daren.<br /><br />Kafin mu taho aka ce da direba filin jirgin Malam Aminu Kano da ke Kano zai kai mu, kada ya sauke kowa a hanya, don su masu jirgin suna so su tabbatar duk wanda suka dauko a motar sun sauke shi a filin jirgin Kano. <br /><br />Bayan mun taho ne, aka tsaya a gidan mai direba zai kara mai, sai wasu mata guda uku, daya daga kasar Sin wato Cana da kuma biyu daga Amurka, suka ce ai su atabau ba za su ci gaba da tafiya a wannan mota ba sai dai direba ya juya ya mayar da su Abuja, ba zai yiwu ba su yi tafiyar awa biyar a motar da ba ta da na’urar sanyaya mota ba, wato iya kwandishan. Nan fa aka shiga dogon Turanci da wadannan mata, wata da cikin abokan tafiyarmu ta sauko ta ce, gaskiya ba za mu koma Abuja saboda mutum uku ba, sai dai in a nan za ku sauka, amma ku sani cewa nan wajen ba tashar mota ce ba, in so kuke ku sami mota wadda take da tabbacin tsaro sai ku bari mu je tasahar motar Kaduna sai ku sauka ku hawo wata, in kuma kun daukar wa kanku za ku sauka a nan shi kenan. Wata daga cikin matan ta ce su za su kara kudi direba ya sanya musu iya kwandesha. Direba ya ce motarsa fa babu na’urar sanyaya cikinta.<br /><br />Haka dai muka bata lokaci ana ta sa-in-sa, har dai ni ma na sa baki na ce to ku in mutum ya je garin da ba nasu ba ai yana koyar zama da yanayin da ya tarar, ni da na je kasashen Jamus da Italiya da Faransa da Birtaniya, ai yanayin sanyi na tarar, haka na dinga sanya riguna hudu wando uku, ban ce sai na sami irin yanayin kasa ta ba, saboda haka tun da kun zo lokacin zafi ai sai ku yi hakuri, tun da dai motar da aka ba mu babu na’urar sanyaya cikinta, idan ma akwai mai laifi to kamfanin jirgi na KLM ne, tun da ya san akwai irinku jajayen fata masu son sanye sosai, mu in muka bude taga sanyin ya ishe mu. Don haka kuma sai ku bude tagogin kusa da ku. Sai ta ce, ai tana da cutar asma ba ta son kura da wannan hazon. Nan fa kowa ya ce, to wadannan matan dai ba masalaha suke nema ba, suna so su bata mana lokaci ne kawai, don haka direba ya sauke musu kayan su in ba za su tafi a cikin motar ba. A karshe dai bayan an shafe lokaci mai tsaho ana ja-in-ja suka shiga motar muka tafi, suna bude tagogi isaka ta wadace su, har da mai yin gyangyadi a cikinsu.<br /><br />Ba mu muka iso filin jirgin saman Malam Aminu Kano ba sai bayan karfe hudu na yamma. Muka sauka aka sauko mana da kayanmu kowa ya shiga motar da ta zo tarbarsa, muka yi bankwana da duk abokan tafiyarmu, har da masu son sanyi a mota.<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Kadan daga Darussan da na Koya a Birtaniya</span><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Tsadar Rayuwa</span> <br />Wani abu da na fahimta akwai tsadar rayuwa a kasar Birtaniya fiye da sauran kasashen Turai da na ziyarta wato Faransa da Italiya da Jamus, saboda harajin abubuwa da yawa da suke hawa kan duk wani wanda yake zaune a kasar yana aiki, bisa dan abin da na fahimta zan bayar da bayani don ba duka na sani ba.<br /><br />Mafi saukin abinci kamar shinkafa da naman kaza da mutum zai saya a kantin sayar da abinci na Larabawan Pakistan ko Indiya ko Indunusiya shi ne na fam biyar, kamar N1,250 kenan a Nijeriya. Wato a rana daya za ka ci kamar N3,750. Amma in mutum shi zai dafa abinci da kansa ya fi masa saukin kashe kudi a kan ya dinga sayen dafaffae.<br /><br />Abin hawa kuwa in za ka sayi katin hawa babbar mota (bus) na sati daya za ka biya kamar fam 25 wato N6,250 kenan a Nijeriya, duk inda za ka a cikin London a cikin wannan satin, in sati ya cika kudin sun kare sai ka sake zuba wasu. Idan kuwa tasi za ka hau, wato ta masu kudi kenan, suna duba malejin kirga tafiyar ne, wani lokacin kana iya biyan fam 50, wato kamar N12,500, hawa daya kenan. Babbar mota ce mafi sauki, sai jirgin kasa ke bin ta sai kuma tasi ita ce ta fi su tsada.<br /><br />Sannan akwai wasu harajai da kowane mazaunin wannan kasa wanda yake da aikin yi a kasar, misalansu su ne: Talbijin da rediyo da ajiye mota a wajen ajiya ko a kofar gidanka da lafiya da rai da mage ko kare (in kana da su) da kayan gida kamar kujeru da gadaje da firinji da suran makamantansu. Haka ma akwai harajin gidan da kake haya bayan kudin hayar gidan da kake biya, akwai takardun mota da za su ba ka damar hawa titi ka yi tuki, sannan duk shekara sai ka kai motarka an duba lafiyarta in da abubuwan da suka mutu a sa ka sauya su in ba ka sauya ba ba kai ba hawa titi da motar. Akwai batun wutar lantarki da gas na dafa abinci da dumama gida da tarho da internet sannan akwai babban harajin da ya fi kowane yawa shi ne na albashin da kake dauka a ma’aikatarku ko makaranta in malamin makaranta ne ko kuma ma’aikacin gwamnata, suna biyan harajin akalla kashe talatin cikin dari 30% na kudin da suka karba duk wata.<br /><br />Ida muka dubi wadannan abubuwa za mu gane cewa mu muna rayuwa cikin saukin farashi kenan, domin da yan kudi kadan sai ka ci abinci ka koshi, ko da yake ba mu da wadatar wuta da ruwa da tsaro da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa. Haka harkokin ilminmu duk suna da nakasu in muka kwatanta su da na wadannan kasashe da suka ci gaba.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Bayar da ilmi ga ‘yan kasa</span><br />A kasar Birtaniya duk dan kasa a ba shi ilmin Firamare da sakandare har da difiloma a kyauta. Idan kuma ka zo shiga jami’a to in iyayenka ba su da karfin daukar nauyin biyan kudin makarantarka, gwamnati za ta ba ka rancen kudin karatun da za ka yi, kudin cin abinci a lokacin karatun kyauta za a ba ka, sai lokacin da ka samo aiki sannan ka fara biyan gwamnati kudin da ta baya maka na makaranta a hanli a hankali. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Jami’o’i</span><br />Tsarin koyarwa a jami’o’in Birtaniya yana da ban sha’awa, don akwai duk kayan aikin da ake bukata, kuma ga malamai, sannan ba a tara cunkoson dalibai da yawa a cikin aji daya, kamar yadda a kasashenmu masu tasowa suke yi. Na halarci wani aji da ake koyar da harshen Hausa a jami’ar SOAS, London, dalibai biyar ne kawai, kuma yadda ake koyar da su abin sha’awa da birgewa.<br /><br />Dalibai masu yin digri na uku kuwa kowane an tanadar masa kwamfuta da zai yi aiki da ita da kuma injin juyar takardu a cikin wani ofishi da aka tanadar musu. Wata jami’a da na ziyarta da ke garin Coventry mutune bakwai ne kacal a ofishin da ke dauke da wadannan kayan aiki. Kuma ‘yan kasahe daban daban, har da dan Nijeriya da ya fito daga jihar Zamfara. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />’Yancin Mata da yara<br /></span>Na kuma fahimci mata da yara kanana ana ba su fifiko fiye da maza, kuma ba za a taba bari namiji ya wahalar da mace ba, haka kuma ba za a taba yarda iyaye su wahalar da yaro ko su takura masa ba, in haka ta faru kuwa aka yi wa iyayen gargadi daya zuwa uku ba su gyara halinsu ba to, za a kwace dan ne daga gare su a bai wa wani ya kula da shi. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Tsofaffi </span><br />A tsarin zaman kasar Birtaniya, an wajabta wa duk majiyin karfi in yana tafiya a hanya ya ga dattijo ko dattijiwa ya kauce a bat a hanya, haka in a cikin mota ko jirgin kasa kana zaune a kan kujera ka ga dattawa dole ne ka ba su wajen zama kai ka ta shi ka tsaya<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Addini</span><br />Ba a damu da batun addini ba a kasashen Turai, in ka fiye maganar addini sai a yi maka wani irin kallo na ka fiye tsattsauran ra’ayi.<br /><br />Abubuwan suna da yawan gaske, amma zan bar su haka sai a cikin littafin GANI DA IDO… ku ma za ku gani da idonku.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-59946177274425932402010-03-03T01:35:00.003+01:002010-03-08T17:46:08.014+01:00A speech presented at the screening of the Hausa-language film SANDAR KIWO (THE SHEPHERD’S STAFF) at the School of Oriental & African Studies, LondonI am delighted to be here with the lecturers and students of two departments, the students of Hausa language and African films, at this historic university of SOAS. It is a pleasure to once more meet Prof. Graham Furniss, who is my mentor, as well as Prof. Philip Jaggar, whom I met at the University of Hamburg in 2008. I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Lindiwe Dovey who I am meeting for the first time. My good friend Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu has informed me of her diligence as an editor. He worked closely with her on an article he submitted for a special edition of the Journal of African Cultural Studies for which she worked as an editor. It is indeed a pleasure to be here with all of you. Allah ya saka muku da alheri. <br /><br />The film we will watch together is called Sandar Kiwo which in English can be translated as “The Shepherd’s Staff.” The film was produced by my company Gidan Dabino International. The company is based in Kano, in northern Nigeria. Gidan Dabino International is a well known publisher of Hausa language literature and producer of Hausa films. It was established in 1991 and has since published more than 250 books, which included novels, textbooks and poetry as well as produced and directed 17 Hausa films which included:<br />1994: In Da So Da Kauna 1, 2 and 3<br />1998: Kowa Da Ranarsa 1 & 2<br />1999: Cinnaka<br />1999: An Ci Moriyar Ganga 1<br />1999: Mugun Nufi<br />1999: Karshen Makirci<br />2000: Muktar 1&2<br />2000: Kadaran Kadahan<br />2000: Kyan Alkawari<br />2000: Kana Taka<br />2001: Ki Yafe Ni 1& 2<br />2001: Sarka 1<br />2002: Juhaina<br />2002: Asiya<br />2005: Tsautsayi<br />2006: Wahami<br />2009: Sandar Kiwo<br />The film had earlier been screened at the University of Warsaw, Poland on 2nd December 2009. Unfortunately I was not able to attend myself. The responses and suggestions by the students who watched the film were published in two weekly Hausa newspapers as well as in FIM magazine. I have also sent the film to Professor Joe McIntyre (Malam Gambo) of the department of African languages and Ethiopian Studies at the University of Hamburg, Germany. He will show it to his students. <br /><br />Today after the film I will be happy to answer your questions. I am also very interested to hear your views, ideas and criticisms. But before that, let me give you a little bit of background information about the film.<br /> <br />Women’s Access to Justice Program<br />Northern Nigerians are predominantly Muslims. In January 1999 Alhaji Ahmad Sani was elected Governor of Zamfara State after a campaign that promised he would ‘improve on our religious way of worship, and introduce religious reforms that will make us get Allah’s favour.’ In October 2009 the governor officially ‘launched’ his program to adjust state laws to conform to Shari’a. During the following year eleven other northern Nigerian states followed with similar legislative programs (Ostien 2007: vii-xi). <br /><br />In 2004 the Centre of Islamic Legal Studies (CILS) at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria/Nigeria initiated the Promoting Women’s Rights Through Shari’a project. It conducted research into the situation of Muslim women in northern Nigeria. Its aims were twofold. On the one hand, it intended to identify positive practices, to encourage and promote them. On the other hand, it identified practices that under the pretext of Shari’a, tradition and culture violated women’s rights (Sada et.al. 2005: 6). The project report published by the British Council in 2005 contrasted these practices with the rights granted to women by the teachings of Islam. It was hoped to use the momentum of reform towards societies based on Shari’a to improve the position of northern Nigerian women through compliance by Islam’s teachings (Sada et.al. 2005: 6). The report is available in book form. The awareness campaign also draws upon Hausa videos, radio drama, Friday sermons among others to promote rights of women through Shari’a. A follow-up report Promoting Women’s Right Through Shari’a in Northern Nigeria-The Journey So Far was published end of 2009. <br /><br />Sandar Kiwo emanated from this awareness campaign, more specifically the Women Shari’a Video Project (WSVP). The project identified Hausa home videos as an important medium for the dissemination of ideas. Hausa films are very popular within and beyond Nigeria. They are regularly watched by millions of viewers. The WSVP aims to support the production and distribution of Hausa home videos that address issues related to women’s rights under Shari’a in order to improve the situation of Nigerian Muslim women. <br /><br />The WSVP supported the development, production, and distribution of six home videos by professional film producers. The scripts of these films address issues raised by the Promoting Women’s Rights Through Shari’a project report. Through a competition eight scripts were selected. The involved producers received financial assistance to develop them into video films as well as for their distribution. Weekly public screenings in two locations in Kano and Jigawa state were organized. Each show was followed by a focus group discussion in which the issues raised in the film were addressed. At the conclusion of the organized public shows, an evaluation was conducted at each of the locations to assess the films impact on awareness and attitudes of the viewers.<br /><br />Sandar Kiwo derives from one of the selected scripts. The film addresses some of the abusive practices identified by the Promoting Women’s Rights Through Shari’a project. It discusses issues related to:<br />* Girl child education<br />* Marriage and marital relations<br />* Divorce<br />* Custody of children <br />* Economic rights<br />* Inheritance<br />* Property ownership<br />* Access to health and reproductive services<br />* Access to justice<br />* Criminal justice<br />The original Promoting Women’s Rights Through Shari’a project was also intended as a response to attacks on Islam concerning the position of women from within and outside Nigeria (Sada 2005: 6). Gidan Dabino International aims to give Sandar Kiwo the desired wide national and international attention. We advertised the film in local media and the internet. We approached universities in Africa as well as in the USA, Germany, United Kingdom, France and Poland.<br /><br />I hope, we will all enjoy the film and I look forward to a lively discussion with you after screening. Again, please feel free to ask any questions especially concerning the film making, writing and publishing in Hausa language in the northern part of Nigeria.<br /> <br />Thank you all. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sandar Kiwo Synopsis<br /><br /><br />Film Title: Sandar Kiwo<br />Language: Hausa<br />Sub-titles: English and French<br />Duration: 1:35 m<br />Year: 2009 <br />Producer: Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino<br />Director: Falalu A. Dorayi <br /><br />Sandar Kiwo is a tragicomic story of Hafsat, an affable girl who lost her mother during her birth. At seven, a horrible car accident claimed her rich, generous and lovely father’s precious life before concluding her primary education.<br /><br />The hapless Hafsat’s future hung in the balance as her only paternal uncle, Garba turned his back on her when she needed his help the most. Although, the orphan Hafsat’s inheritance was entrusted in Garba’s hands, Rahama, Hafsat’s step-mother, surprisingly was the one who rescued her from the ‘sea of ignorance’ by supporting her to successfully complete her secondary school education and her brilliant performance earned her a scholarship to further her study up to the University level.<br /><br />Would the traitorous Garba pay where for his betrayal at the Shari’a court? Sandar Kiwo is a story of love, affection and betrayal, which is delight to watch.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-42553889454636388862010-02-21T08:37:00.005+01:002010-02-21T08:41:30.697+01:00Matakan Rubuta Kagaggun Littattafai a Harshen HausaAn Gabatar da Wannan Takarda a Taron Kara wa Juna Sani a Kwalejin Koyar da Harkokin Kasuwanci da Tanadi da Hadin Gwiwar Sashen Share Fagen Shiga Jami’a, Dakin Taro na Biyu, Ranar 14 ga Watan Janairu, 2010, Dutse, Jigawa.<br /><br /><br /><br />Gabatarwa<br />An bukaci in gabatar da mukala mai taken ‘Matakan Rubuta Littafi a Harshen Hausa’ Amma na sauya taken inda na mayar da shi ‘Matakan Rubuta Kagaggun Littattafai a Harshen Hausa’ dalilin da ya sa haka don ni marubucin littattafan kagaggun labarai ne, kuma kasancewa ta a wannan matsayi zai sa in fi watayawa in yi bayanai gwargwadon sani da fahimta da kuma binciken da na gudanar.<br /><br />Hakika wannan abu babba ne musamman ta kallon marrar da muke ciki a yanzu. Batun rubuta littattafan kagaggun labarai a Hausa, fage ne mai yalwar gaske da zai bukaci dogon lokaci, idan ana so a ba wa komai gamsasshen bayani bisa hakkinsa. Amma duk da haka zan kawo abin da ya samu gwargwadon iko da na lokaci. Batun da wannan takarda za ta karkata a kan sa yanzu shi ne ‘Matakan Rubuta Kagaggun Littattafai a Harshen Hausa’<br /><br />Tarihin kagaggun littattafai bai dade ba sosai idan aka kwatanta da tarihin samuwar wakokin baka da kuma rubutattu. Wakoki sun samu kulawa tun shigowar Musulunci kasar Hausa, da yake an yi amfani da su wajen yada addinin Musulunci, su kuwa kagaggun lattattafai sai bayan da Turawa suka shigo kasashenmu na Afrika ta Yamma ne suka fara samuwa. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen da Turawa suka yi ba na kagaggun littattafai ba ne.<br /><br />Littafin da Schon J.F. ya rubuta mai suna Farawa Letafen Magana Hausa, shi ne littafin Hausa na farko na zube cikin boko, kuma duk rubuce-rubucen da Turawan suka yi babu wanda ya yi kama da kagaggun labarai wato Novel, sai dai a bugun karshe a shekarar 1886, ya tabo tatsuniyoyi. Kuma yawancin littattafan na yada addinin Kiristanci ne.<br /><br />Amma rubuce-rubucen zube na ‘yan kasa ya samo asali ne sakamakon kafa hukumar talifi ta Arewa (Northern Literature) a shekarar 1933, inda ta sa gasar rubuce-rubuce ga ‘yan kasa, inda suka samar da littattafai guda shida kamar haka:<br />1. Ruwan Bagaja na Abubakar Imam 1935<br />2. Gandoki na Bello Kagara 1935<br />3. Jiki Magayi na Tafida Umar da Dr. R.M. East 1935<br />4. Idon Matambayi na Muhammadu Gwarzo 1935<br />5. Shehu Umar na Abubakar Tafawa Balewa 1935<br />6. Iliya Danmaikarfi na Ahmadu Ingawa. 1968<br /><br />Zuwa yanzu kuwa ana da littattafan kagaggun labarai sama da dubu hudu, wadanda marubuta maza da mata suka rubuta.<br /><br />An kawo wannan dan bayani ne don a fahimci matsayin da kagaggun littattafai suke da shi sannan kuma a gane daga lokacin da aka soma yin su a kasar Hausa.<br /><br />Matakan Rubuta Kagaggun Littattafai<br />Idan aka ce matakan rubuta kagaggun littattafai ana nufin hanyoyi ko dabaru ko wasu tubala ko kuma wasu abubuwa da ake so mai rubuta kagaggun littattafai ya tanada ko ya yi amfani da su a duk lokacin da ya tashi rubuta ire-iren wadannan kagaggun littattafai, don haka a wannan bangare za mu duba ire-iren matakai ko hanyoyin ko tubala da ake amfani da su wajen rubutun.<br /><br />Tunani<br />Abu na farko da mai son rubuta kagaggen littafi na Hausa zai fara tanada shi ne tunani. Tunani shi ne babban abu a wajen mai rubuta kagaggen littafi don in babu tunani ko kuma in ba a yi tunanin mai ake so a rubuta ba babu rubutun littafin gaba daya, dole ne a fara da tunanin abin da ake so a rubuta a cikin littafin.<br /><br />Labari<br />Dole ne mai son rubuta kagaggen littafi ya tanadi labari, wato abin da yake so ya rubuta, shin labarin soyayya ne ko na jarumta ko na yara ko na aljanu ko kuma wani daban. Don yin hakan shi ne zai sa ya san alkiblar da ya dosa, kuma ya sami saukin isar da sakonsa, in bai tanadi labari ba akwai matsala don ko ya zauna don rubutun in bai san labarin da yake son rubutawa ba to, abin ba zai yiwu ba. <br /><br />Shi kuma labarin ba sai mutum ya san komai da komai na cikin sa ba, amma dai zai fi kyau in an san daga inda aka tashi da kuma in da za a sauka, ma’ana, ka san farkon labarinka da karshensa, amma sauran abubuwan da ke cikin tsakiyar labarin sai ka zo rubutun sannan za ka same su, a lokacin da basirar rubutun take saukowa. <br /><br />Misali ina so zan taso daga unguwar Sabon Titi da ke Kano zuwa Kwalejin Koyar da Harkokin Kasuwanci, kuma Sashen Share Fagen Shiga Jami’a, a garin Dutse, don halartar taron kara wa juna sani na kwana daya, kuma na san dole zan bi ta kan titin Wudil kafin in iso garin Dutse. A nan mun san ga inda na baro ga kuma inda nake son zuwa, amma abubuwan da za su faru a hanyar ban sani ba sai na taho sannan zan gani in sun faru. To haka abin yake a rubutu, sai ka zo wajen yin rubutun ne za ka ji abubuwan suna zuwar maka a kwakwalwa, kuma kana rattaba su a cikin takardarka ko na’urarka (ya danganta da irin abin da kake rubutun a jikin sa, takarda ce ko kuma kwamfuta). <br /><br />Sunan Littafi<br />Yana da kyau mai rubuta kagaggen littafi ya yi wa littafinsa suna kafin ya fara ko kuma kafin ya gama, domin sanya wa littafin suna yana taimaka wa mai rubutun labarinsa ya dinga tafiya da sunan littafin. Wasu lokutan ana samun littafi da aka gama rubutawa ba a sanya masa suna ba, sai daga baya a zo ana ta kame-kamen yadda za a sanya masa suna, wanda da an ba shi suna tun farko da ba a sami wannan matsala ba, kuma labarin zai fi tafiya da sunan sosai.<br /><br />Lokaci da Guri <br />Ya kamata mai rubuta littafi ya lura da lokaci da kuma gurin da yake rubutun, abin da ake nufi a lura wajen sanya lokaci, kamar kwanakin wata ko shekaru don kada a dinga samun rikicewar lissafin shekarun ko watanni, don ana iya samun rikicewarsu in ba a kula ba. Haka ma batun guri, idan kana rubuta littafi mai bayar da labarin rayuwar birni ko karkara, ka tabbata abin da kake rubutawa a cikin labarin karkara yana faruwa a karkarar, haka abin da kake rubutawa na game da birni ka tabbata suna wakana.<br /><br /><br />Bincike<br />Yana da kyau a duk lokacin da mai rubutu ya zo yin rubutu a kan wani abu da aka san yana bukatar bincike, to a bincika shi don kada a rubuta shi da ka yadda zai zo ya rudar da mutane musamman ma wadanda ba su san shi ba. Misali abin da ya shafi lafiya da shari’a da al’adu da kuma addini.<br /><br />Addini da al’ada<br />Duk wanda yake rubuta kagaggun littattafai na Hausa yana da kya ya kula da addininsa da al’adunsa a lokacin rubutunsa, tun da an ce adabi madubin al’umma ne, idan ka rubuta wani abu da ba na al’adarka ko addininka ba, mutanen da ba su san wadannan abubuwa ba za su dauka haka kake a fannin al’adarka da addininka. Kuma zai zama kana tallata al’adun wasu ne a matsayin naka.<br /> <br />Sunadarai <br />Har ila yau, akwai karin wasu sunadarai ko tubala wadanda idan aka hada su yayin rubutu kagaggun littattafai musamman na soyayya sun fi dadi da armashi, kamar:<br />•Sunayen mutanen da suka dace (Taurari)<br />•Siffanta mata masu kyan hali da kyawun halitta,<br />•Bayyana ire-iren mataye ko mazajen da mafi yawan mutane suka fi so,<br />•Bayyana kyawawan halaye na iyaye da ’ya’yansu,<br />•Biyayya, <br />•Fito da abubuwan da namiji ya fi son mace ta yi masa,<br />•Fito da abubuwan da mace ta fi son namiji ya yi mata,<br />•Fito da abubuwan da ke faruwa a rayuwa ta zahiri dangane da soyayya, <br /> musamman a rayuwar ma’aurata,<br />•Yanayin soyayya bayan ta rikide ta zama aure,<br />•Amfani da kalmomin soyayya masu dadi da faranta zuciya,<br />Da sauransu. <br /><br />Ko da yake wasu suna ganin a da can ba a cika rubutu kan soyayya ba saboda wasu dalilai kamar yadda a wata gabatarwar da Farfesa M.K.M. Galadanci ya yi a wani littafi na soyayya a cikin shekarar 1992, ga abin da ya ce: <br /><br />“Marubutan Hausa na farko ba su cika son yin rubutu kan soyayya ba, watakila don gudun zancen mata da amfani da kalmomin kuruciya ko ma ta kai ga yin batsa saboda haka da wuya a sami dadadden littafi (kai ko ma rubutacciyar waka) kan soyayya. A ‘yan shekarun nan marubutan zamani, matasa, sun toshe mana wannan gibi na adabin Hausa. Wannan littafi wanda Malam Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino ya wallafa, Hattara Dai Masoya, na daya daga cikin kyawawan misalan irin wannan kokari” (Galadanci, M.K.M.; 1992: shafi na K).<br /><br />Wasu kuwa suna ganin babu wani alfanu ma kwata-kwata a cikin littatafan soyayya da ake rubutawa, su a wajen su gwara a dinga rubuce-rubuce a kan yunwa da fatara da talauci da yake-yake da annobobi iri-iri, maimakon in ba kai ba sai rijiya. Sannan kuma rubuce-rubucen suna cike da kura-kuran Hausa da rabe-rabenta da kuma bata tarbiyyar matasa maza da mata, da kuma yin fassara daga littattafan wasu jinsin mutane wadanda ba al’adar su daya da ta Bahaushe ba.<br /><br />Wasu kuwa suna ganin ba labaran soyayya ne suka ishi mutane ba, a’a salon ne ya ishe su in har ya ishe sun.<br /><br />Ko ma dai yaya abin yake, wasu suna ganin marubuta kagaggun littattafan Hausa musamman na soyayya sun bayar da tasu gudunmawar wajen bunkasa da yada adabin zamani a kasar Hausa da kuma duniya baki daya, domin an samar da dubunnan littattafai a wannan fage, kuma sanadiyyar haka an sami wadannan abubuwa:<br /><br />• Rikidewar makaranta littattafai zuwa ga rubutawa,<br />• Samuwar sababbin marubuta,<br />• Samuwar makaranta littattafai,<br />• Samuwar kungiyoyin marubuta,<br />• Samuwar wadanda ba Hausawa ba a cikin rubutun Hausa,<br />• Samuwar kungiyoyin makaranta littattafai,<br />• Samuwar kantunan sayar da littattafai masu yawa,<br />• Zuwan baki daga wasu jihohi da kasashe don sayen littattafai,<br />• Yawaitar masu bincike a kan littattafan soyayya (manazarta),<br />• Gidajen rediyoyi da suke karanta littattafan Hausa kamar:<br />Rediyo Kano da Rediyo Freedom da Rediyo Nijeriya na Kaduna da Rediyo Rima Sokoto da Rediyo FM tasha ta 3, Legas da Rediyo Jigawa da Rediyo kwamfaniyan ta Katsina da kuma wasu gidajen rediyoyi na kasar Nijar, kamar rediyo Anfani FM, da sauransu duk suna karanta ire-iren wadannan littattafai don jama’a masu sauraron su<br />• Sanya littattafai a jaridu da mujallun Hausa (sanya labarin kadan-kadan),<br />• Buga littafi da marubuta suke yi da kansu,<br />• Tallafi da wasu hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu suke yi wa marubuta<br />• Buga littattafai masu inganci da kyan takarda, masu yawan shafuka, <br />• Sanya gasanni tsakanin marubuta,<br />• Bikin karrama marubuta, <br />• Buga littafi a dunkule maimakon rarraba shi kashi-kashi,<br />• Bude majalisun marubuta na Hausa a yanar gizo (internet),<br />Kamar marubuta@yahoogroups.com <br />www.marubutanhausa.blogspot.com <br /> www.fagenmarubuta.blogspot.com<br />• Mayar da wasu littattafai zuwa fim na bidiyo, sama da guda arba’in,<br />• Karanta littafi a kan faifan CD, don sayarwa, (audio book),<br />• Muhawarori a cikin jaridu da mujallu,<br />• Samar da shirye-shiryen marubuta a gidajen rediyo da sauransu,<br />• Koyon karanta Hausa da rubuta ta,<br />• Karfafa dankon zumunci (a cikin gida da waje),<br />• Cusa wa mai sauraro ko mai karatu farin ciki da gusar masa da bacin rai,<br />• Son karatun Hausa da bunkasa Harshen,<br />• Cusa sha’awar yin rubutu a zukatan matasa maza da mata,<br />• Kyautata zamantakewar ma’aurata da kuma masoya ta hanyar karatun littattafan <br />Soyayya,<br />• Samar da aikin yi ga matasa maza da mata har da matan aure,<br />• Kalubalantar auren dole a kasar Hausa,<br />• Yakar jahilci,<br />• Kulla huldar zumunci tsakanin marubuta da makarantansu <br />Da sauransu.<br /><br />Idan aka dubi wadannan abubuwa za a ga akwai ci gaba a wannan fanni na rubuce-rubuce da aka samu, duk da yake an san akwai ‘yan matsalolin da ba za a rasa ba a wasu bangarorin na rubutu, kuma wannan abu ne sananne cewa duk wata harka da ake a rayuwa dole a sami nasara da matsala, amma in ana samun shawarwari daga masana da manazarta da masu sha’awar harkar in Allah ya so za a ga ci gaba da kuma daudakar lamarin.<br /><br />Kammalawa <br />A wannan takarda an kawo hanyoyi ko dabaru ko matakai da ya kamata duk mai son rubuta kaggagen littafi na Hausa ya bi ta yadda aikin sa zai yi kyau kuma ya zama mai inganci ga makaranta da manazarta.<br /><br />Kuma an bayar da dan takaitaccen tarihin samuwar rubutun kagaggun labarai a kasar Hausa da kuma littattafan da aka fara samarwa, an kawo sunayen litattafan da sunayen marubutansu.<br /><br />Har ila yau kuma, an kawo wasu abubuwa da sakamakon samuwar wadannan littattafan suka haifar, ta bangaren ci gaban harshen Hausa da tattalin arziki da huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin marubuta da makaranta da kuma marubuta da marubuta ‘yan’uwansu da kuma manazarta da marubuta a wasu sassa na duniya.<br /><br />Don haka wannan takarda ta bayar da karfi ne ga ci gaban da rubuce-rubucen suka haifar ba, sai kuma dan tsokaci da aka yi na abubuwan da wasu suke gani na rashin ci gaba da su marubutan suka haifar wa harshen Hausa. Fatanmu dai wannan harshe ya samu ci gaba da daukaka a duniya baki daya, amma hakan ba za ta samu in ba mu taimaki harshen ba, in ba mu karfafa wa marubutanmu gwiwa ba? In muna sukan su a kafafen yada labarai da manyan makarantu, alhali ba ma kiran su mu zauna mu nuna musu kurakuransu? Wannan ita ce hanyar samun ci gaban harshenmu da al’adunmu? Ya kamata mu sake tunani. In ba ka so naka ba duniya sai ta so shi. Kuma in mun ki sharar masallaci, to za mu yi ta rumfar kasuwa. Allah ya kyauta! <br /><br />Manazarta<br /><br />Adamu, A.U. (2006) Hadin Kai Tsakanin Marubutan Harsunan Gida Na Kasashe, An <br />Gabatar da Wannan Takarda a Taron Kasa da Kasa na marubutan Nijeriya da Nijar, Wanda Kungiyar Marubuata ta Nijeriya Reshen Jihar Kano Suka shirya, a Birnin Yamai, Nijar.<br /><br />Furniss. G., Buba. M. (2004) Bibliography of Hausa Popular Fiction 1987-2002.<br /> Germany. Rudiger Koppe Verlag, Koln.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A, (1995) Muhimmancin Marubuta a Cikin Al’umma, <br />Takardar da Aka Gabatar a Bikin Kaddamar da Littafin Karshen Mai Zalunci. Koko, Jihar Kebbi: Makarantar Sakandare.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A, (1993) Gudummawar Adabin Hausa ga Addinin Musulunci, <br />Takardar da Aka Gabatar a Taron Kara wa Juna Sani na Dalibai Musulmi na Babbar Makarantar Sakandaren Dawakin Tofa.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A, (1992) Tasirin Labaran Soyayya ga Al’umma, Musamman ta<br />Hausawa, An Gabatar da Wannan Takarda a Taron Kara wa Juna Ilimi Mai Taken “Rubutu Don Al’umma’’ Wanda Kungiyar “Writers Forum” ta Gudanar, a Majalisar Matasa ta Fagge, Kano.<br /><br />http://hausa.soas.ac.uk/<br /><br />Malumfashi, I. 2004. Ta’aziyyar Adabin Kasuwar Kano Makalar da Aka Gabatar a Taron <br />Kara wa Juna Sani a Taron Kasa da Kasa na 6 Wanda Cibiyar Harsunan Nijeriya ta Jami’ar Bayero, Kano ta Shirya.<br /><br />Muktar, I. (2004) Jagoran Nazarin Kagagaggun Labarai. Kano: Benchmark Publishers <br /> Limited.<br /><br />Sa’id, B. 1980. Dausayin Soyayya. Zariya: Gsakiya Corporation.<br /><br />Yahaya I.Y, (1988) Hausa a Rubuce: Tarihin Rubuce-Rubuce Cikin Hausa. Zaria: NNPC.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-34495275917594545012009-10-14T12:37:00.006+01:002009-10-14T13:03:43.944+01:00Languages and Literary Development in Multilingual Publishing in Northern Nigeria<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_lNzVQgsZpiY/StW931vHpPI/AAAAAAAAAM0/c4ORE_Z8xVg/s1600-h/S6300986.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_lNzVQgsZpiY/StW931vHpPI/AAAAAAAAAM0/c4ORE_Z8xVg/s320/S6300986.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392424895861204210" /></a><br />Cross-regional Workshop on Capacity-building for LIFE in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Arab States: Adult (15+) Literacy in Multilingual Contexts <br />29 September – 2 October 2009 <br />Addis Ababa, Ethiopia <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Introduction<br />Hand written or hand-copied materials in Arabic and Ajami (written Hausa in Arabic Alphabet) were available long before colonial period, but were very expensive to produce, and the cost of acquiring education, in time and money, had made reading an expensive luxury. However, with the spread of printing in 1930 in Northern Nigeria, written communication in the three major languages-Arabic, Hausa, and English as well as Ajami, reached high standard and available to a much larger portion of the population. <br /><br />The need for literacy among the lower and middle classes grew, that is more types of people learned to read. The ability to read became less of a luxury and more of a necessity, eventually literacy spread, as did education indeed. This also gave room to the development of independent publishing and printing houses almost in all major cities of Northern Nigeria. This development gives birth to the establishment of my company: “Gidan Dabino Publishers” in 1990.<br /><br />As more people learned to read in Arabic, Hausa, Fulfude, Kanuri and English, new ideas germinated and spread; and cross-pollination of ideas occurred which gave us the opportunity to publish more than 3000 pamphlets and materials books of different sizes and volumes with various titles that touched on areas where we have dearth of books (some have been indicated in Appendix 1). Even non-Hausa speakers like Dr. Bukar Usman, OON, and S. Kashinbila have written books both in fiction and non-fiction categories in the Hausa language. . <br /><br />Today, Gidan Dabino Publishers International as a media outfit has representatives in Nigeria (Abuja, Gusau, Kaduna, Sokoto and Zaria) and in Niger Republic (Maradi, Zinder and Niamey). And presently, we are working very hard to have our representatives in Douala and Younde in Cameroon as well as in Accra, Ghana. This will give us an effective spread across West African and facilitate promotion of indigenous publishing practices, especially among Diasporic Hausa. <br /><br />Education<br />We are aware that the term ‘education’ comprises both formal and informal provisions. Formal education is a structured, planned and executed program of learning in accordance with a prescribed syllabus and plan. Its example are the types of education obtained from Primary and Secondary Schools, Polytechnics, Universities. , Informal education refers to that which is neither systematically structured nor properly designed. This includes on-the-job training, community learning resources, As publishers, we see our role as facilitate of the both formal and non-formal educational process. <br /><br />Printing and Publishing Houses<br />There is, perhaps, no better way to assess the history and growth of any mass medium especially printing and publishing in the society than through the functional plasticity-its functional position. This is because it is the approach which provides a diachronic spectrum which: -<br />• Indicates how the community relates both to the medium and to its mass produced messages;<br />• Reveals the medium is a human construct, and the job that it does is the result of human choice, cultural decision and social pressures, in other words the medium responds to the condition which it exists;<br />• highlights the cultural and social environment (formal and non-formal education) of the mediated messages, it easily yields these four dimensions:<br /> Existence: What is the print output (books, pamphlets and periodicals)<br />In this, we would address the issues of how much of what content and how frequently they are made available to the audience (readers) <br /> Priorities: What is important, how prominently intense or central are certain factors or elements?<br /> Values: What value judgments are implied about which elements in the cultural message system?<br /> Relationship: What is related to what- the writers, the publishers, readers, and critics (government agencies) and their organic relationship<br /><br />Nigerian/European/Asian Languages Studies<br /> The policy of teaching Nigerian languages i.e. Hausa, Fulfulde and Kanuri in all institutions from Primary/Islamiyya Schools up to University levels, beside English which is the official language while Arabic is the language of Islam- a religion of the predominant people of Northern Nigeria boosts the development and the production of literacy and literary works in those languages.<br /><br />Print Development<br />Media is the first thing we could notice beside the development of language from the printed materials. . The printing press helped fuel the establishment and growth of a large middle class.. Printing had given ordinary people a powerful voice. We can see thing with number of literacy works produced by creative writers, people who write prose texts , poems and drama texts.<br /><br />This was responsible for building and disseminating bodies of knowledge, leading to scientific and technological developments and the refinement of new machines. In a nutshell, the spread of literacy in agriculture, crafts, trade etc and the growing audience for print information and entertainment influences our culture, norms and values in innumerable ways.<br /><br />Section 1: ---Impact of Policies<br />The current policies in Nigeria are based on the national framework on adult education and literacy. These are based on the structures and philosophical foundations of Adult and non-formal education. This, however, operates within a formal structure of civil service processes procedures, and targets only those able and willing to avail themselves to these services. <br /><br />However, there are a series of private initiatives targeted at promoting literacy in local languages. These are mainly in the areas of private publishing for which there is no formal policy or guidelines since it is seen as a free market process. In fact, government attitude in northern Nigeria to the private publishing is positive because it sees the private authors and publishers as supplementing its own efforts in promoting literacy, and preservation of indigenous, socio-cultural norms and values of its citizens. <br /><br />Government provided the support by giving structures especially schools during out-of-school days private initiatives to the school premises free of charge. Most the Adult education centers provide the guidelines on what to teach to students, as well as the examinations at various levels. <br /><br />Section 2: --Readership <br />Readership of multilingual texts produced in the Hausa language in Nigeria is very wide. Although precise figures are hard to come by, nevertheless an estimate of some 60 million is not off the mark, more so when the concept of readership is taken on a very broad perspective to mean ability to engage the text in one way or the other. There are those who read as part of the formal process of education. At the same time there are many that are encouraged by availability of text in various forms to cater for different needs.<br /><br />In Hausa publishing, and using Kano, northern Nigeria as an example, a series of “readers clubs” were formed to exchange views about certain works the readers have become familiar with. More formalized associations of writers and readers was also formed to encourage interactivity between readers and writers. An example is the Association of Nigerian Authors (Kano) which is part of a larger national body of writers in principally Nigerian languages. <br /><br />Besides ANA, a whole range of other Associations exist to promote literacy in the Hausa language. These include:<br /><br />Kungiyar Habaka Hausa (ABU, Zaria)<br />Kungiyar Hausa (UDUS, Sokoto)<br />Kungiyar Hausa (SPS, Kano)<br />Kungiyar Hausa (BUK, Kano)<br />Raina Kama Writers Association (Kano)<br />Kungiyar Matasa Marubuta (Kano)<br />Kungiyar Kukan Kurciya (Kano)<br />Hausa Writers Association of Nigeria (HAWAN) (Kano)<br />Mikiya Writers’ Association (Zaria)<br />Himma Writers Association (Zaria)<br />Kebbi Writers Association (Kebbi) <br />Brigade Authors Forum (Kano)<br />Kungiyar Dan Hakin Da Ka Raina (Zaria)<br />Sudan Writers Association (SWAK) (Niger)<br />Hausa Authors Forum (Kano)<br />Kallabi Writers Association (Kano)<br /><br />Section 3: -- Production<br />The production process can be seen as the way in which media facilitated availability of multilingual publishing. I will specifically look at Private Publishing, Radio, Newspapers, and Media Technologies including Internet.<br /><br />Private Publishing <br />Lack of government patronage lead to the spate of private publishing phenomena in northern Nigeria, especially of Hausa prose fiction from 1984. The private publishing route was forced on the authors by the virtual collapse of the NNPC which was the main publishing outfit in northern Nigeria.<br /><br />Further, there was considerable reluctance on the part of the major mainstream Nigeria’s publishers to accept works in local languages, and certainly in certainly fiction, or even establish offices in the north of Nigeria. It was not clear why the major publishers chose to ignore multilingual publishing – certainly the market is there. Thus as a result of the reluctance of the major publishers to publish multilingual texts, young private printing entrepreneurs established themselves as publishing outfits. Of course while this has the advantage of providing access to literary materials to a wider range of readers, nevertheless it also raises the issue of standards and quality control. This therefore leads to situations where anything can be printed so long as the author is willing to pay production costs. The “publishers” (actually, printers) have no editorial boards to vet which type of material to publish or copy-edit, nor do they have any distribution system: decisions as to the quality of the content, as well as marketing and sales of the materials are largely the responsibility of the author. <br /><br />Proceedings of Seminars, Conferences and Workshops <br />The Center for the Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University, Kano has been very proactive in publishing seminar and workshop proceedings on various aspects of Hausa literature and culture. These are principally available a t eh University although Gidan Dabino Publishers also serve as distributors for these materials. Examples include<br />1.Harsunan Nijerya, a Publication of the Centre for The Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University Kano (1970 to date)<br />2.Algaita, a publication of Department of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University, Kano (from 2000)<br />3.Hausa Home Video: Technology, Economy and Society, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Hausa Films, by the Center for Hausa Cultural Studies,<br />Kano, Nigeria, 2003. <br />4.Nazari A Kan Harshe Da Adabi Da Al’adu Na Hausa, Littafi na Uku a Publication of the Centre for The Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University Kano, 1985.<br /><br />Radio<br />While the radio is not a print medium, nevertheless it became a ready outlet for the print medium to reach mass audience. The use of radio and television around 1967 had great impact on Hausa language. This is because radio was used to introduce new terms and translation as well as programming. Discussion programs such Hausa/English by radio and Hausa/English by TV, “Mu Koma Gona” (Back to the Farm), “Kiwon Lafiya(Health program) etc. all contributed to the development of a literate Hausa citizenry. <br /><br />Women in particular benefitted most from the Radio programs, because being based at home, they don’t engage in outside activities men do. As such, programs such as “Filin Mata”, (women Forum) “Girke-girke” (cooking) help tremendously in providing home-education to many Muslim Hausa women in purdah. <br /><br />Newspapers/Magazines <br />From 1939 to date over 150 Hausa and Ajami news papers and magazines were published. However, very few of them are currently functional, and they cover diverse areas such as , social, political, religious, gender, economic, trade, and other professions. Some of them are as follows: <br /><br />Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo Current affairs<br />Attajadid Islamic (Sunni)<br />Almizan Islamic (Shiite)<br />Aminiya Current affairs<br />Leadershi Hausa Current affairs<br />Matasa Youth<br />Zamani Youth/current affairs<br />Siyasa Politics<br />Basarakiya Emirate authority<br /><br />International NGO Initiatives<br />In the new era of understanding (made mandatory by the experiences of the world wars) necessitates changing priorities and changing focus. The best way of achieving these, it was discovered, would be through cultural and diplomatic relationships. Foreign cultural centers were established in strategic cities in the north of Nigeria. Although established in the colonial era, they soon transformed into soft propaganda outfits for their post-colonial initiators. Some of these cultural centers are: <br /><br />•United Arab Republic (Egypt) Cultural Centre (1960), cultural and religious activities, organizes lectures and seminars, talks on Arabic language, Islamic sermons in Friday mosques. The centre has also books facilities, newspapers and periodicals in Arabic.<br /><br />•World Islamic Call Society (Libya) was established in northern Nigeria in 1998 promoting learning, recitation of Holy Qur’an publication by all possible methods (Hausa, Arabic, Ajami and English) of Islamic periodical, literature, books, and encyclopedias which present the tenets of Islam, the life of prophet of Islam- Muhammad (SAW) and the valves of Islamic civilization.<br />European cultural centers, such as The British Council, United States Information Services (USIS), Alliance Francaise never did patronize literacy in local languages – seeing their main target as creating a friendly youth base towards their respective countries, where prospective students are encouraged to apply for further studies. These European centers were aimed at mainstream education and had little to offer to mass education or non-formal education. <br /><br />Media Technologies<br />Two aspects of media technology accelerated the development of multilingual literate environment. First were the wide-spread availability of cheap personal computer clones, and most importantly, the arrival of Windows 3.1 with its True type fonts in 1992. Second was the availability of cheap VHS cameras which led to the Hausa video film industry in 1990 – which itself led to creation of reading materials (mainly fanzines) to cater for the development of the industry, as well as Web spaces on the internet where heated discussions take place concerning the new entertainment media. <br /><br />Internet (World Wide Web)<br />The Web has provided excellent opportunities for self-expression in Hausa language for millions of youth and young adults who had either rudiments of Western education, or had gone through the non-formal adult literacy classes. The Web became available widely in Nigeria from 2000. It provided opportunities for listserve groups and other social networking hubs to be formed that encouraged literacy specifically in Hausa language. These hubs included:<br /><br />Yahoo Hausa Discussion Groups<br />Majalisar Marubuta (writers)<br />Majalisar Finafinan Hausa (Hausa video films)<br />Dandalin Siyasa (politics)<br />Masoya (romance)<br />Hausa da Hausawa (cultural)<br />Makadan Hausa (traditional Hausa music)<br />Often the debates in some of these groups are published in newspapers such as Aminiya, Hausa Leadership, Al-Mizan, Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, which not only increased the awareness of these groups, but also encouraged more people to engage with the Web, particularly with the increasing popularity of social networking sites such as Facebook, High-5, Zorpia, Let me illustrate the popularity of the Web as a new literary medium for the young Hausa by looking at the outcomes of the discussions of two groups: Marubuta (writers) and Finafinan Hausa (film fans). <br /><br />Majalisar Marubuta<br />Majalisar Marubuta was established in 2001 by Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu (a researcher in media and cultural studies among the Hausa). It was meant to serve as a critical platform for Hausa writers, . The debates and discussions accorded many diaspora as well as Hausa speakers in other countries, particularly Niger Republic, the opportunity to participate in the discussions. The table below shows the summary of the postings of the group in the last eight years. <br />Discussions of Majalisar Marubuta (Hausa Writers), 2001-2009<br /><br />Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total<br />2009 49 186 149 156 129 70 147 39 925<br /><br />2008 323 321 225 182 126 48 94 152 74 79 113 80 1817<br /><br />2007 185 225 199 102 131 45 63 77 123 133 122 210 1615<br /><br />2006 83 184 103 46 76 110 32 80 47 212 216 152 1341<br /><br />2005 71 74 73 66 41 31 38 40 22 22 46 57 581<br /><br />2004 57 64 95 48 47 98 65 37 44 76 54 16 701<br /><br />2003 30 57 42 43 25 36 17 8 7 5 48 318<br /><br />2002 1 3 4<br /><br />2001 20 20<br /><br />Total 7,322<br /><br /><br />Thus after a slow start, the group became more energetic in 2008 when it recorded it highest postings. <br /><br />Majalisar Finafinan Hausa (Hausa video film fans)<br />This was also established in 2001 by Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu. It is very clear that the focus on Hausa films was significantly higher than that of writers, as the table below shows in the number of postings in this group in the last eight years.<br /><br /> Discussions of Finafinan Hausa Groups, 2001-2009<br /> <br /><br />Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals<br />2009 111 119 76 120 119 105 203 52 905<br /><br />2008 277 231 159 99 86 102 71 127 130 85 43 121 1531<br /><br />2007 197 113 282 239 322 232 244 272 242 240 153 211 2747<br /><br />2006 464 422 460 382 560 342 340 194 121 198 208 135 3826<br /><br />2005 685 413 452 525 342 275 376 422 283 560 582 710 5625<br /><br />2004 606 356 442 488 394 292 324 360 397 379 402 496 4936<br /><br />2003 281 305 356 394 233 284 426 394 250 292 290 435 3940<br /><br />2002 59 76 73 133 45 113 68 76 101 99 157 242 1242<br /><br />2001 6 50 79 26 55 216<br /><br />Total 24,968<br /><br /><br />The highest posting was in 2005 and by 2007 the Hausa film industry has entered into a new direction leading to tougher censorship regulations. <br /><br /><br />Publishing the proceedings of this particular group in the Nigerian dailies attracted other readers who rapidly helped the community to grow and become a leading voice in intellectual discussion about the Hausa literature industry world-wide.. <br /><br />The increasing availability of the Internet made it possible for some of the Hausa video film industry publishers to experiment with online editions of their magazines, especially either on existing websites that will give them a presence, or on one of the numerous free hosting services from 2004. :<br /><br /><br />Others<br />Others were not totally Hausa in orientation, but were established by Hausa speakers and quite a bit of their contents is in Hausa language. These included:<br />KanoOnline<br />Gamji<br />Amana Online<br />Dantata<br /><br />The emergence of the Hausa video film industry led to the conversion of some of the more popular Hausa prose fiction into film. Examples of such adaptations included:<br /><br /> <br />1. Auren Jari<br />2. Idaniyar Ruwa<br />3. Son Zuciya, <br />4. Rigima Uban Wa Ta Kashe?<br />5. Da Kyar Na Sha<br />6. Kwabon Masoyi<br />7. In Da So Da Kauna<br />8. Haukar Mutum<br />9. Bakar Aniya<br />10. Gidan Haya<br />11. Tsuntsu Mai Wayo<br />12. Mazan ne Ko Mata?<br />13. Halimatu Ko Jummai<br />14. Alhaki Kwikwiyo<br />15. Ina Son Sa Haka<br />16. Babu Maraya Sai Rago <br />17. Auren Zamani<br />18. Ki Yarda Da Ni <br />19. Sa’adatu Sa’ar Mata<br />20. Kishi<br />21. Bakandamiyar Rikicin Duniya<br />22. Na San A Rina<br />23. Kuma Idan Bera da Sata (Hali) <br />24. Muguwar Kishiya<br />25. Maimunatu<br />26. |oyayyiyar Gaskiya (Ja’iba)<br />27. Soyayya Cikon Rayuwa<br />28. Suda da Turmi Sha Daka<br />29. Rabi’a<br />30. Hannun Da Ya Ba Da Kyautar Fure (Kadaura)<br />31. Ya Kenan (Kasko)<br />32. Sirrinsu da Shakka Babu<br />33. Komai Nisan Dare<br />34. Naira Da Kwabo<br />35. Halak<br />36. Wake [aya (Yana)<br />37. Bankwana da Masoyi <br />38. Dace Da Masoyi<br />39. Su Ma ‘Ya’ya Ne<br />40. Mowar Mata<br /><br />There were also films that were converted into published books, although this was not very common. Examples included:<br /><br />1. Cinnaka<br />2. Jamila Da Jamilu<br />3. Aminu Mijin Bose<br />4. Kada Ran-Kada Han<br />5. Larai Ta Kabiru<br />6. Tsintsiya<br /><br />Films Magazines and Newspapers<br />The first effort to seriously intellectualize the Hausa home video or film industry started with variety and range of magazines and newspapers that accompanied the popularity of the industry from 1999. These magazines provided not only historical archival data, but also document how the industry developed from multiple perspectives Exemples include : <br /><br /> Fim <br /> Gambiza<br /> Duniyar Fim<br /> Gidauniya<br /> Madubi <br /> Indiyana<br /> Tauraruwa<br /> Muntaz <br /> Nishadi<br /> Garkuwar Suda<br /> Garkuwa<br /> Majigi <br /> Bidiyo <br /> Abida<br /> Annashuwa<br /> Marubuciya <br /><br />Only the first two of these magazines is still in production. The others have long ceased publishing due to increasing competition in a market that is not only limited but covers the same material. <br /><br />International Media<br />Hausa language is used by international media i.e. BBC, Voice of America, Radio France International (RFI), Deutsche Welle, Radio Beijing, Radio Iran, Radio Egypt, Voice of Africa (Libya) and Family Radio in USA all this promote literary activities through their programming.<br /><br />State Control (censorship) <br />Now I come to the final stage of my presentation. By the mid 1990s, large urban centers in the North had become successful publishing centers (about 50 centers) and also with about 200 home video production and post-production companies. During this period Hausa script writers and Hausa prose writers entered their halcyon years of Freudian expression after a decade of “free expression.” This did not go down well with society, as represented by the state governments in Kano. Subsequently, the <br />Kano state government set up a books and films production control agency known as, ‘Kano State Censorship Board’ in 2001. The board was established principally to monitor the publishing books and home videos and censor their contents, grade them appropriately for public consumption. <br /><br />Government Agencies<br />From 1990 to date state governments i.e. Kano state (A Daidaita Sahu) introduced agencies that promote literary activities by producing books and pamphlets on societal re-orientation in the Hausa language <br /><br />Section 4: -- Conclusion<br />The contribution of government agencies as well as non-governmental organizations e.g. National Commission for Mass Education, UNICEF in support of the creation of Multilingual literate environment in Northern Nigeria using Arabic, Hausa, Ajami, Kanuri, and Fulfulde as well as the National language which English is truly commendable. Private publishers have also contributed in this process, as exemplified by Gidan Dabino Publishers in the development of a multilingual literate environment in northern Nigeria.<br /><br />Today more than 60 million people across West Africa can be classified as literate in that they can read and write in one of the above language especially the Hausaland of Northern Nigeria. Further, the use of Arabic alphabet (domesticated as Ajami) has also opened up avenues for religious publishing and facilitated religious understanding among millions of readers who are literate in Arabic alphabet, but non-literate in English alphabet. It is clear therefore that multilingual publishing and readership has entered into an exciting new era.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-80054797033183920932008-12-20T07:10:00.006+01:002008-12-20T13:11:03.463+01:00Littattafan Soyayya: Samuwarsu da Bunkasarsu da kuma Tasirin su ga Al’umar Hausawa a Nijeriya<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_lNzVQgsZpiY/SUzNYXLgZgI/AAAAAAAAAKo/dzTlmqzYZck/s1600-h/DSCF0086_003.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5281822281421579778" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_lNzVQgsZpiY/SUzNYXLgZgI/AAAAAAAAAKo/dzTlmqzYZck/s320/DSCF0086_003.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div align="justify">Na gabatar da wannan takarda a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Afrika da Nazarin Al’adun kasar Itofiya, a Jami’ar Hamburg, Kasar Jamus. Ranar Laraba ३ ga watan Disamba, 2008<br /><br /><br /><strong>1.0 Gabatarwa</strong><br />Ta hanyar rubutu ne marubuta suke fitar da abubuwan da suke cikin zuciyoyinsu, wadanda suka faru da kuma wadanda suke hasashen za su faru nan gaba, don jama’a masu karatu ko sauraro ta hanyar rediyo su ji kuma su karu da abubuwan da ke cikin rubutun wanda ya shafi ilmantarwa ko tarbiyyantarwa ko nishadantarwa ko kuma akasin haka.<br />Rubutu rayayyen al'amari ne da kan wanzu matukar wanzuwar duniya, kuma tamkar shuka ce wadda in har an yi ta za a girbi abin da aka shuka.<br />Bisa la’akari da irin wannan tunani na sama ya sa na shiga fagen tattauna soyayya da yadda take da tasiri a rubuce-rubucen Hausa, sai dai kamar yadda yake abu ne sananne ga jama’ar da suka san Hausawa ko suke jin labarin su, cewa tun tuni Hausawa suna da tsarin soyayyarsu kafin su cudanya da sauran jama’a kamar Larabawa da kuma Turawa, har kuma suka dinga kwaikwayar wadannan baki a wajen tafiyar da soyayyarsu da auratayya, da sauran mu’amaloli na yau da kullum.<br />A gargajiyance, Bahaushe a fagen soyayya mutum ne mai kunya da hakuri da dauriya da kuma kau da kai da bin maganar magabatansa, sau da kafa misali, Bahaushe ko Bahaushiya na zamanin baya can, ana iya aura masa mata ko aura mata mijin da ba su san juna ido da ido ba, wato sai an daura auren an kawo matar sannan za su ga juna. Sannan kuma Hausawa suna da wata al’ada ta tsarance inda masoya biyu (saurayi da budurwa) suke kwana a kan gado daya su kuma tashi ba tare da wani abu ya shiga tsakaninsu ba, ba don ba su da sha’awar juna ba, a’a, saboda akwai al’adar kasa wadda ta hana yin haka. Ashe ke nan su masu biyayya ne da juriya da hakuri da yarda da juna da amana. Idan budurwa suna soyayya da saurayi, ba za ta iya zuwa gidan su saurayin ba, wai don ta gan shi ko kuma ta kawo masa ziyara, sai dai in da wata matsala mai karfi kamar mutuwa ko haihuwa ko duba marar lafiya, ko bikin aure ko salla. Bayan haka idan yarinya ta san za ta hadu da saurayinta a hanyar da za ta bi ta je wata unguwa, to da wuya ta bi hanyar sai ta canza wata, duk don kada su hadu. Sannan budurwa ba ta iya ambatar sunan saurayinta kai tsaye, sai dai ta dinga kiran sa da wani suna a maimakon sunansa na gaskiya, in kuwa ta aure shi shi kenan ta yi sallama da fadin sunansa. Wannan dalili ne ma ya sa wasu suke daukar Hausawa ba su san soyayya ba ko kuma ba su iya ta ba, ba haka ba ne, soyayyar Bahaushe ba ya bayyana ta a fili sai in an yi aure a wajen zamansa da matarsa, domin a lokacin ta zama mallakarsa.<br />Idan aka dubi wasu daga cikin tatsuniyoyin Hausawa za a fahimci wasu al’adun Hausawa nagartattu, misali a cikin littafin Yahaya (1971:1-12) tana nuna mana yadda Bahaushe ba ya son rashin gaskiya da karya da cin amana, kamar yadda Gizo ya yi a lokacin da aka ba shi aikin tsinke baure, ya dauki alkawarin ba zai sha ko daya ba, amma ya zo ya sha ya ce bai sha ba. A karshe da aka gano ya sha sarki ya fasa ba shi auren ‘yarsa, wadda har an kai ta gidansa da kayan gararta masu yawa, aka fasa a ka dawo da ita gidansu.<br />Sannan in aka duba tatsuniyar Musa Dan Sarki (Yahaya, 1972:21-28) ita kuma tana nuna yadda budurwa Bahaushiya take jin kunyar fadin sunan masoyinta, tun kafin a yi aure, bare kuma in an yi auren.<br />A gabatarwar da Farfesa M.K.M. Galadanci ya yi a wani littafi na soyayya a cikin shekarar 1992, ga abin da yake cewa:<br /><em>“Marubutan Hausa na farko ba su cika son yin rubutu kan soyayya ba, watakila don gudun zancen mata da amfani da kalmomin kuruciya ko ma ta kai ga yin batsa saboda haka da wuya a sami dadadden littafi (kai ko ma rubutacciyar waka) kan soyayya. A ‘yan shekarun nan marubutan zamani, matasa, sun toshe mana wannan gibi na adabin Hausa. Wannan littafi wanda Malam Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino ya wallafa, Hattara Dai Masoya, na daya daga cikin kyawawan misalan irin wannan kokari”</em> (Galadanci, M.K.M.; 1992: shafi na K).<br />Saboda Hausawa sun cudanya da wsau al’umma baki kamar Larabawa da Turawa shi ya sa suka sami nason wasu al’adu da dabi’un wadannan mutane musamman a zamantakewar yau da kullum, kama tun daga kan soyayyarsu da auratayyarsu da bikin suna da abinci da suturarsu da sauransu.<br />Karuwar Hausawa da wadannan al’adu daga baki na nesa da na kusa da su ya sanya suka iya rubutu da karatu cikin harshen Hausa। Daga nan suka sami dabarun dauwana al’adunsu da adabinsu a rubuce a cikin littattafai na binciken ilmi da wadanda ake kagawa na zube da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wake-wake da sauran dangogin ilmi. </div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><strong>2.0 Labaran soyyaya<br /></strong>Labaran soyyaya suna da wasu sinadarai wadanda idan aka hada su yayin rubutun ya fi dadi da armashi, idan kuma labarin bai same su ba to labarin ba zai yi armashi ko dadi ba, kuma rashin sa zai sa a kasa cim ma manufar da ake son gina labarin a kai, matukar babu wadannan abubuwa labarin ba zai zama labarin soyayya ba, wato ba za a kai ga babbar manufa ba.<br />Kamar yadda aka sani soyayya ta kasu iri daban-daban, musamman yadda take wakana tsakanin saurayi da budurwa, ko miji da mata, ko ‘ya’ya da mahaifinsu, da sauransu. To amma babbar manufarsu (jigo) daya ce wato soyayya, sai dai kananan jigoginsu wadanda a kansu ne babban jigon ya ta’allaka, sun sha bamban da juna, wadannan kananan jigogi kuma su ne ake kira tubalan gina babban jigo. To amma duk da haka a iya kawo wadannan jigogi a dunkule tun da yake babban jigonsu daya ne (soyayya) wato ke nan a dunkule a iya bayyana tubalan ginin labarin soyayya, musamman tsakanin mace da namiji kamar haka:<br />• Sunayen mutane da suka dace (taurari)<br />• Siffanta mata masu kyan hali da kyawun halitta<br />• Bayyana ire-iren mataye ko mazajen da mafi yawan mutane suka fi so<br />• Bayyana kyawawan halaye na iyaye da ’ya’yansu<br />• Tunani<br />• Biyayya<br />• Fito da abubuwan da namiji ya fi son mace ta yi masa<br />• Fito da abubuwan da mace ta fi son namiji ya yi mata<br />• Fito da abubuwan da ke faruwa a rayuwa ta zahiri dangane da soyayya,<br />musamman a rayuwar ma’aurata<br />•Yanayin soyayya bayan ta rikode ta zama aure<br />• Amfani da kalmomin soyayya masu dadi da faranta zuciya<br />• Halayyar wurin da labarin zai wakana<br />• Da sauransu.<br />A halin yanzu da an ji an ambaci labarin soyayya, watakila nan da nan za a tuna cewa ko ana nufin labaran da matasan yanzu suka fi so a zuciyarsu fiye da kowane labari. Labari wani abin da aka rawaito ne da ya wuce mai dan tsawo cikin shafuka, aka gina shi bisa gaskiya ko bazama a mafarke-mafarken rayuwa Shi labarin soyayya shi ne abin da yake wakana tsakanin saurayi da budurwa, ko mata da miji, ko ko?<br />Rubutattun labaran soyayya shiryayyun zantuka ne da yawanci akan kaga, ko aka kara wa gishiri, da ake shinfidawa a fasalin zube ko wasa ta bin babi-babi ko fitowa-fitowa ko kashi-kashi, cikin azanci da ke dauke da wani salo na musamman zuwa ga al’ummar da aka rubuta shi domin ta.</div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><strong>2.1 Samuwar Littattafan Soyayya<br /></strong>Sabanin yadda wasu suke dauka a ransu cewa a ’yan shekarun nan ne Hausawa suka soma rubuce-rubucen wakoki ko kuma labarai a kan soyayya. Bincike ya nuna cewa a wajen karshen shekarar 1880, an sami wata waka da aka rubuta cikin Ajami wadda wani mutum mawaki mai suna Aikau ya rubuta kuma ya ba ta suna Begen Mariya. Shi kuma wani Bajamushe Dr. Rudolph Prietze (1854-1933), daga baya, ya tattara ire-iren wakokin da aka yi da ajami ya mayar da su littafi. An buga wannan littafin a shekarar 1927 da sunan littafin Lieder des Haussawolks, (Wakokin Al’ummar Hausawa).<br />Shi kuma Farfesa Umaru Balarabe Ahmed ya fassara su, aka buga a shekarar 2002, aka sanya wa littafin suna Jiya A Yau: Dadaddun Wakokin Hausa.<br />Ga wasu daga cikin baitocin wakar Aikau:<br /><em>Mai kyaun ido na barewa,<br />Mare Gudaliya, ‘yar Ranau!,<br />Ni ban san ana kamna ba,<br />Sai a wurin ki jikal Ranau,<br />In nai rawa na juya,<br />Dukka domin ki ne’yar Ranau.<br /><br />Begenki ya ci raina, Mare,<br />Tilas ne nake yi mi ki bege,<br />Mare Gudaliya ‘yar Ranau!<br /><br />Arme yakinku ne ‘yan mata,<br />Ya ci Gudaliya ‘yar Ranau,<br />Kafal da bat takalmi,<br />Ita tsidau yake fudawa.<br /><br />Wanda ba masoyi,<br />Shine na ya zo duniya don wofi,<br />Ni Mare ta fi uwata,<br />Mare ta fi ubana,<br />Don raina yana son Mare,<br />Mare Gudaliya ‘yar Ranau.<br /></em>(Ahmad;2002:4-6)<br /><br />Sannan a lokacin da aka gabatar da gasar farko ta rubuce-rubucen Hausa a Arewacin Nijeriya, wanda Hukumar Talifi ta yi a tsakanin shekarar 1932-1933, an sami littafin soyayya a cikinsu, wato littafin Jiki Magayi na J. Tafida da R. East, an buga littafin a shekarar 1935. Littafin yana bayar da labarin daukar fansa a kan wata soyayya da aka sami kasayya bisa danniya a cikinta.<br /><br />A shekarar 1978 kamfanin NNPC sun buga wani littafi mai suna Sihirtaccen Gari, wanda Malam Amada Katsina ya fassara daga cikin harshen Larabci zuwa Hausa, sunan littafin da ya fassara Ikra na Sayid Kutub. Shi ma na soyayya ne.<br />A shekarar 1978, kamfanin dab’i da wallafa mai suna Kamfanin Buga Littattafai na Arewacin Nijeriya da yake a Zariya, kuma wanda ya shahara a buga littattafan Hausa, yau sama da shekaru Hamsin da suka shude, ya fito da gasar kagaggun labarai, makamanciyar gasar farko wadda aka yi a shekarar 1933.<br />A wannan gasa ta shekarar 1978, an sami littattafan soyayya guda uku a ciki, wato So Aljannar Duniya na Hafsatu Abdulwaheed da Amadi Na Malam Amah na Magaji Danbatta da Mallakin Zuciyata na Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina, duk wadannan littattafai an buga su a shekarar 1980, kuma kamfanin wallafa da dab’i na Arewa ne ya buga su.<br />Babban abin mamaki shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara din mace ce, wacce ta yi nasara da kagaggen labarinta na soyayya mai suna So Aljannar Duniya, wato Hafsat Abdulwaheed। Wannan littafin ba karamin tubali ne ba a wajen gina harsashin samuwar mata Hausawa kuma Fulani marubuta ba. So Aljannar Duniya shi ne littafi na farko da mace ta rubuta a cikin harshen Hausa. Bugu da kari, shi ne littafin farko na adabin soyayya, wanda mace ta rubuta a Arewacin Nijeriya. </div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Hotunan littattafan:<br />Mallakin Zuciyata<br />So Aljannar Duniya<br />Amadi Na Malam Amah</span></strong><br /></div><br /><div align="justify">A cikin shekarar 1980 Hukumar Al’adu Ta Kasa ta shirya gasar rubuce-rubuce cikin harsunan Hausa da Yorba da Ibo, amma Hausawa ne kawai suka shiga gasar da sauran harsunan ba su kawo littafi ko daya ba, inda aka samar da littattafai guda shida wato<br />• Zabi Naka<br />• Karshen Alewa Kasa<br />• Turmin Danya<br />• Tsumagiyar Kan Hanya<br />• Soyayya Ta Fi Kudi<br />• Dausayin Soyayya.<br />Wadannan littattafai sun hada da na zube guda ukun da wasan kwaikwayo guda daya da na waka guda daya da kuma na wasa kwakwalwa guda daya, kuma cikinsu guda biyu ne suka karkata kan soyayya, wato Soyayya Ta Fi Kudi na Hadi Abdullahi Alkanci wanda yake wasan kwaikwayo ne da kuma Dausayin Soyayya na Bello Sa’id shi kuma na wakokin soyayya ne zalla.<br />Wata gasar kuma da aka yi ita ce ta cikin shekarar 1988 wadda Hukumar Raya Al’adun Gargajiya ta Jihar Kaduna ta yi inda aka sami littattafai guda shida wato Kowa Ya Bar Gida, na Mahmud Barau Bambale da Kifin Rijiya na Ibrahim Sheme da kuma Dukan Ruwa na Yusuf M. Adamu, a rukunin rayuwa ta zamani ke nan. Sai kuma rukunin rayuwa ta soyayya an sami, Jamilu Mijin Jamila da Kome Nisan Dare da kuma Dabaibayi, a matsayin zakaru.<br /><br />Littattafan da aka buga daga cikin wadannan guda shida, marubutansu ne suka dauki nauyin abinsu da kansu. Daga cikinsu, marubucin Kifin Rijiya Ibrahm Sheme ya buga nasa littafin a kamfani Nation House, Kaduna, a shekarar 1991. Shi kuwa marubucin Kowa Ya Bar Gida da Kome Nisan Dare, wato Mahmud Barau Bambale, ya fara buga littattafan nasa ne da wani kamfani mai suna Ibramud Nigerian Limited, Zaria, a 1994. Sauran littattafan guda uku har yau ba a buga su ba.<br />Kafin wannan gasa ta 1988 an sami wani marubuci, matashi ya bayyana da wani sabon littafinsa mai suna In Da Rai…, wanda aka buga shi a shekarar 1984.<br /><br />Wata matashiyar mai suna Talatu wada Ahmed ta fito da nata littafin mai suna Rabin Raina, ta buga littafi na daya a shekarar 1985, littafin da ya yi tsokaci a kan ilmin mata da kuma muhimmancin kyale ‘ya mace ta zabi masoyinta, maimakon a tilasta mata a kan wanda za ta aura.<br /><br />Ba a jima da fitowar Rabin Raina ba, sai Ibrahim Hamza Abdullahi Bichi marubucin Soyayya Gamon Jini, littafin da ya fito a shekarra 1986, sai kuma Balaraba Ramat Yakubu ta fito da nata littafin, mai suna Budurwar Zuciya, a shekarar 1987 wanda ya fadada sakonnin da suke cikin So Aljannar Duniya da kuma Rabin Raina, ta nuna illar auren dole. Amma littafin da ya fito da sakon Balaraba Ramat Yakubu fili shi ne Wa Zai Auri Jahila? a inda ta nuna illar auren dole da kuma muhimmancin ilmin ‘ya mace.<br /><br />Wadannan kagaggun labarai na soyayya su ne suka bude kofa ta rubuta littattafan soyayya na Hausa। </div><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Hotunan littattafan<br />Rabin Raina 1, 2, 3<br />Budurwar Zuciya<br />Wa Zai Auri Jahila? </span></strong></div><br /><div align="justify"><br />Sakonnin da littattafan farko suke dauke da su sun nuna muhimmancin bai wa mata ‘yancin ra’ayinsu a kan abin da ya shafi rayuwarsu tun ma ba a kan aure ba da kuma muhimmancin ilmi ga mata, sannan kuma ga yadda mata masu ilmi suka fi mata marasa ilmi da wayewa da gogewa a zama na rayuwa.<br />Lokacin da maza suka dada shigowa fagen rubutun kagaggun labaro na soyayya, sun tallafa wa mata ne ta wajen nuna muhimmancin kyautata wa mata da kuma ba su hakkinsu। Wasu maza marubuta da suka biyo baya su ne, Ahmad Mahmood Zaharadden Yakasai Kogin Soyayya (1988) da Yusuf Muhammad Adamu Idan So Cuta Ne (1989) da Ibrahim Saleh Gumel Wasiyar </div><br /><div align="justify">Baba Kere (1989).</div><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Wasiyar Baba Kere<br />Inda Rai Da Rabo<br />Soyayya Gamon Jini<br />Kogin Soyayya<br />Idan So Cuta Ne </span></strong></div><br /><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br /></div></span></strong><br /><div align="justify">Daga shekarar 1980, wasu marubuta sun sami sa’ar kamfanonin wallafa na Arewa sun buga musu littattafansu, wasu kuma sun buga littattafan da kansu। A iya tsawon shekaru goma da fara samun matasa marubuta littattafan soyayya, wato daga 1980 zuwa 1990, ba a buga littattafan soyayya na Hausa guda dari a duk fadin arewacin Nijeriya, har a gan su a kasuwa ana sayarwa ba। Manyan kamfanonin buga littattafai a lokacin ba su amsar rubuce-rubucen soyayya su buga, sai lttattafan da aka shigar da su a manhajar koyarwa a makarantu suka fi damuwa da su, don sun fi samun kudi a kansu। </div><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify">Shekarar 1990 a wannan lokaci ne sababbin jini, matasan marubuta suka bayyana a farfajiyar rubutun soyayya, sahun farko na marubutan wannan lokaci su ne Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino da Dan’azimi Babba Chediyar ‘Yan Gurasa da Aminu Abdu Na’inna da Badamasi Shu’aibu Burji da Hamisu Bature da Aminu Hassan Yakasai da Abdullahi Yahaya Mai Zare da Bala Muhammad Makosa da Bashir Sanda Gusau da Bala Anas Babin Lata Kabiru Muhammad Assada Kabiru Ibrahim Yakasai da Abdullahi Muhammad Gusau da Kabiru Hassan Illelah da Yusuf Aliyu Lawan Gwazaye da Hauwa Aminu da Zuwaira Isa da Abba Bature Kawu da Safiya A. Tijjani da Ashiru Bala Bichi da Ibrahim M. Mandawari da Bilkisu S. Ahmed Funtuwa da Muhammad Usman da Laila Zaharaddeen da Hassana Ibrahim Daneji da Abubakar Ishaq da Balarabe Abdullahi da Hajiya H.K.A. Gusau da Sahanunu Garba da Binta Bello Dambatta da Binta Maiwada da Jummai Mohammed Argungu da Mamman Nasiru Zungeru da Karima Abdu D/Tofa da Lami Tijjani Maiatamfa da kuma Usman K. Muhammed<br />Nason wadannan littattafai ya zama kugiyar da ta makalo zuciyoyin makaranta, maza da mata, suka shiga karatun littattafai gadan-gadan। Sannan kuma gidajen rediyoyi, kamar Rediyo Kano da Rediyon Nijeriya na Kaduna da Rediyo Rima Sokoto da Rediyo FM tasha ta 3, Legas da kuma wasu gidajen rediyoyi na kasar Nijar, kamar rediyo Anfani FM, da sauransu duk suna karanta ire-iren wadannan littattafai don jama’a masu sauraron su. </div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">In Da So D a Kauna na 1 da 2<br />The Soul of My Heart</span></strong> </div><br /><div align="justify"><br />Daga shekara ta 1978, lokacin da aka fara samun littattafan soyayya na Hausa zuwa wannan shekara ta 2008, bincike ya nuna ana da ire-iren wadannan littattafai sama da dubu uku। Kuma har yanzu ana nan ana tattara bayanai kan wadannan littattafai na Soyayya.<br />Kasar Nijar ba a bar ta a baya ba wajen samar da littattafan karantawa cikin harsunan gida wadanda suka shafi soyayya da wasu al’amura na rayuwa. A cikin shekarar 2000 an kafa wani sashe na buga littattafai mai suna Albasa wanda yake karkashin 2peb da ke Ma’aikatar Ilmi ta Jamhuriyyar Nijar wanda ya sami tallafin kudi daga GTZ na kasar Jamus, inda suke buga littattafai cikin harsunan gida, kamar Hausa da Zarma da Kanuri da Tamajaq da Fullanci, sannan har da Faransanci. Wannan hukuma ta buga littattafai mabambanta sama da iri sittin, kuma na soyayya suna da yawa a ciki. Wannan aiki an yi shi ne daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2004, wato na tsawon shekara hudu. Hukumar sukan sanya gasanni tsakanin marubuta cikin harsunan gida a zabi zakaru a ciki a buga musu littattafansu kyauta, sannnan a ba su wasu kudi a kuma ba su kyautar wasu litattafan. Wannna madaba’a ta Albasa tana sayar da littattafanta ne cikin farashi mai araha don littattafan su sami isa ga masu karatu. Sukan rage kudin littafin da wajen kashi hamsin cikin dari na kudin da aka buga shi .<br />Bayan an gama aikin da aka shata a ma’aiktar 2peb da madaba’ar Albasa a cikin shekarar 2004 sai kuma aka sake kafa wani aikin karkashen ma’aikatar ilmi ta kasa wanda aka sanya masa suna SOUTEBA, a cikin shekarar 2004 har zuwa yau, shi kuma wannan aiki na SOUTEBA yana samun kudin gudanar da wannan aiki nasu daga kungiyar kasashen EUROP, suna samar da littattafai cikin harsunan gida da kuma koyarwa cikin harsunan gida a wannan kasa ta Nijar baki daya. Zuwa yau bincike ya tabbatar da cewa daga 2000 zuwa yau an buga kwafin littattafai 380,000 cikin harsunan da muka bayyana a sama.<br />Hotunan littattafan Kasar Nijar<br />A cikin shekarar 2006 hukumomin UNESCO da OIF suka nemi kamfanonin buga littattafai da marubuta cikin harsunan Afrika, don su rubuta littattafai cikin harsunan Hausa da Zarma da Fulfulde da Songhai. An zabo kamfanin wallafa na Gashingo da yake a Niamey, a Nijeriya kuma an dauki kamfani na Gidan Dabino International Nigeria Limited da yake a Kano, sannan an dauko kamfanin Edis da ke Bamako ta kasar Mali. Daga nan, aka hadu a Mali da Nijar da Cotonou aka yi tarurruka inda aka tattauna, aka tabbatar da za a buga littattafai takwas, uku daga Nijar, uku daga Mali, biyu daga Nijeriya. Kuma hukumomin nan na UNESCO da OIF sun bayar da tallafin kudi na buga wadannan litttattafai.<br />Hotunan littattafan UNESCO/OIF, na Hausa<br />Yawancin marubutan wadannan littattafai matasa ne wadanda shekarunsu suka fara daga ashirin zuwa talatin da biyar (20-35). Littattafan da aka rubuta cikin harshen Hausa sun hada da Maza Gumbar Dutse na Yusuf M. Adamu da Bakin Karfe na Zainabu Gonde .<br />Yawancin matasa marubuta suna da sha’awar kallon finafinan da suka danganci soyayya, a gidajen kallo na silima ko bidiyo ko kuma talbijin, don haka, ba za a raba su da tunanin soyayya a zuciyoyinsu ba. Haka in suka zo yin rubutu, dole wannan tasiri ya yi aiki a cikin tunaninsu da rubutunsu. Kuma yawancin marubutan suna da sha’awar shirin fim amma rashin karfin aljihun shirya fim ya sa suka tsaya a fagen rubutu. Za a tabbatar da haka in aka lura sosai yadda a cikin ‘yan shekaru wasu littattafan an mayar da su fim, haka nan kuma, wasu marubutan suka tsunduma cikin harkar fim gadangadan.<br />Kasancewar rubuce-rubucen matasa na soyayya ne, mafi yawa makarantansu ma matasa ne, ko da a kasuwanni ka je za ka iske su matasan maza da mata ne suka fi zuwa sayen litattafan, kuma su kansu ‘yan kasuwar sun fi son litttattafan soyayya don ya fi amsuwa ga abokan cinikinsu। Idan ma ka kawo musu littafin da ba na soyayya ba ba su ciki murna su amshe shi hannu biyu ba, don ba sa samun ciniki sosai in ba wanda ya kunshi soyayya ba. Kadan daga cikin marubuta wadanda sunansu ya yi fice, suka shahara, su ne kawai suke canza salon rubutunsu daga soyayya zuwa wani fannin su kuma samu amsuwa ga masu karatu da kuma masu sayar da littattafai. </div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Hotunan Wasu littattafa</span></strong> </div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><strong>2।2 Bunkasar Littattafan Soyayya</strong> </div><br /><div align="justify">Daga shekarar 1991 zuwa 2000, marubuta matasa maza da mata sun rubuta tare da buga littattafai Hausa na zamani masu sunaye mabambanta sama da guda dubu daya (1000). A cikin littafin Furniss da wani (2004) da http://hausa.soas.ac.uk/ an fadi yawan littattafan soyayya da ya tattara kimanin guda dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin da biyar (1835). Daga iya inda wannan binciken ya tsaya an ci gaba da dorawa, kuma ya zuwa yau (2008) akwai littattafan Hausa na soyayya sama da dubu uku (3,000).<br /><br />Wannan ci gaba ya samu ne saboda wasu dalilai wadanda suka hada da:<br />• Samuwar na’ura mai kwakwalwa (computer)<br />• Samuwar matasa masu sha’awar rubuce-rubuce<br />• Samuwar makaranta littattafai<br />• Samuwar kungiyoyin marubuta<br />• Samuwar kantunan sayar da littattafai masu yawa<br />• Zuwan baki daga wasu jihohi da kasashe don sayen littattafai<br />• Gidajen rediyoyi da suke karanta littattafan Hausa<br />• Sanya littattafai a jaridu da mujallun Hausa (sanya labarin kadan-kadan)<br />• Buga littafi da marubuta suke yi da kansu<br />• Tallafi da wasu hukumomin gwamnati suke yi wa marubuta<br />• Buga littattafai masu inganci da kyan takarda, masu yawan shafuka,<br />• Samuwar kamfanonin buga littattafai na ‘yan kasuwa<br />• Sanya gasanni tsakanin marubuta<br />• Bikin karrama marubuta<br />• Buga littafi a dunkule maimakon rarraba shi kashi-kashi<br />• Samar da aikin yi ga matasa maza da mata<br />• Bude majalisun marubuta na Hausa a yanar gizo (internet)<br />• Mayar da wasu littattafai zuwa fim na bidiyo<br />• Karanta littatafi a kan faifan CD, ana sayarwa, 2008 (audio book)<br />• da sauransu<br />Harkar rubuce–rubucen littattafan Hausa na soyayya ta samu bunkasa kwarai da gaske. Saboda yawan dalilai da suka habakar da rubuce-rubucen soyayya, a wannan takarda an dan fadada bayanai a kan wasu daga cikinsu kamar haka:<br /><br /><strong>2.2.1 Buga littafi da marubuta suke yi da kansu:</strong> wannan ba karamin babban yinkuri ne marubuta suka yi ba, domin lokuta da dama marubuci zai rubuta littafi ya yi ta neman wani babban kamfani ya dauki nauyin buga masa, don ya dinga ba shi wani kaso na ribar da aka samu (royality) amma abin ya gagara, ko da sun karbi littafin sai ya yi shekara da shekaru ba a buga ba, kai in ma ba a yi sa a ba sai littafin ma ya bata gaba daya, ko kuma in ma sun yarda sun buga maka, wajen biyan hakkin marubuci sai an ji kansu da shi don ba za su biya shi daidai ba. Wannan shi ya jawo marubuta suke yin aikin su kai tsaye, wato sun tsara su buga kuma su kai kasuwa, da haka ne harkar rubuce-rubucen Hausa musamman na soyayya suka bunkasa suka kai matsayin da suka kai, wato (sefl publishing)<br /><br /><strong>2.2.2 Gidajen rediyo da suke karanta littattafan Hausa:</strong> wannan wata babbar hanya ce<br />da litttafan soyayya na Hausa suka samu bunkasa da yaduwa da kuma shiga zuciyoyin masu sauraro, a wajen Hausawa da ma wadanda ba Hausawa ba amma suna sha’awar harshen Hausa, kai a sanadiyyar haka ma an sami mutane da yawa da suka fara sha’awar yin rubutu, har ma suka rubuta yi din suka buga shi ya shiga kasuwa, musammam ma matan aure. Ba kuma a gidajen rediyon Nijeriya ne kawai ake karanta wadannan litattafai ba, in ka shiga kasar Nijar kusan duk gidajen rediyoyin kasar sama da guda goma suna da filin karanta littattafan Hausa na soyayya wanda suke kira da suna Dandalin Soyayya.<br /><br /><strong>2.2.3 Samuwar kungiyoyin marubuta:</strong> sakamakon kafa kungiyoyin marubuta a cikin jihohin Nijeriya musammam a Arewa, rubuce-rubucen Hausa na soyayya sun bunkasa saboda yawan tarurruka da wayar da kan jama’a da kungiyoyin suke yi a kan muhimmanci rubuce-rubuce cikin harshensu na haihuwa da kuma bai wa marubutan shawarwarin yadda za su inganta harkar rubuce-rubucensu.<br /><br /><strong>2.2.4 Tallafi da wasu hukumomin gwamnati suke yi wa marubuta:</strong> babu shakka wasu daga cikin hukumomin gwamnati na jihohin Nijeriya suna tallafa wa marubuta, misali a jihar da nake wato Kano, hukumar A Daidaita Sahu wadda Dr. Bala Muhammad yake jagoranta, a cikin shekarar 2004 ta shirya wani taro da marubutan jihar Kano, musammaman marubuta cikin harshen Hausa inda ta yi musu wata bitar sanin makamar aiki ta kwana biyar don marubuta su yi mata rubutu na canza hallayyar matasa a kan munanan dabi’u, kamar shaye-shaye da ha’inci da zaman banza da soyayya da dogaro da kai da harkokin daba da dai sauransu. Kuma sakamakon wannan bita an rubuta litttafai goma sha bakwai wadanda suka yi magana a kan batutuwa mabambanta, wadanda aka buga su har kwafi dubu tamanin da biyar, ana raba su a makarantun sakandare da kuma sauran jama’a masu sha’awar karatun littattafan Hausa. Ba kuma a nan suka tsaya ba kawai suna tallafa wa marubuta da dama wadanda ba su da halin iya daukar nauyin buga littattafansu. Bayan haka kuma takan tallafa wa kungiyoyin marubuta na jihar Kano in za su yi wasu tarurruka ko za su yi tafiya zuwa wata jiha ko kasa. Misali, a duk lokacin da kungiyar marubuta ta Nijeriya Reshen jihar Kano suka kai mata takardar neman taimako zuwa wani taro sukan taimaka, a lokacin da za a tafi Jihar Imo da Bayelsa da kasar Nijar duk wannan hukuma ta taimaka wa ANA, sannan a cikin wannan shekara ta 2008, kungiyar marubuta mata zalla, wato Kallabi Writers Association da za su kaddamar da kalandarsu, A Daidaita Sahu sun taimaka musu kwarai da gaske.<br />Sannan kuma hukumomin Uensco da OIF su ma sun tallafawa marubuta da kamfanonin dab’i don a samar da littafai cikin harsunan Afrika, a kasashe uku, wato Nijeriya da Nijar da kuma Mali.<br /><br /><strong>2.2.5 Bikin karrama marubuta:</strong> kungiyoyin marubuta suna bikin karrama marubuta da kuma mutanen da suke taimakon harkar rubutu cikin harshen Hausa, shekarar da Ta gabata 2007 kungiyar Hausa Authors Forum (HAF) ta karrama wasu tsofaffi kuma fitattun marubuta da kuma matasa da wadanda suka taimaki adabi. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da aka karrama akwai, marigayi Abubakar Imam da Sa’adu Zungur da Malam Aminu Kano Farfesa Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau Abdulkadir Dangambo da Dandatti Abdulkadir. Kungiyar marubuta mata ta kallabi ma sun kaddamar da kungiyar tare da kalandarta. Su ma sun karrama wasu mutane da suka taimaka wa harkar Adabi.<br /><br /><strong>2.2.6 Bude majalisun marubuta na Hausa a yanar gizo (internet):</strong> Farfesa Abdalla Uba Adamu shi ne ya fara bude wa marubuta majalisa a yanar gizo don su sami wata mahada da za su dinga tattauna matsaloli da nasarorin marubuta, marubuta@yahoogroups.com sannan ana sanya sharhi na littattafai ko kuma wata sanarwa da ta shafi marubuta, game da bikin aure ko suna, don sada zumunci a tsakaninsu, ko kuwa rasuwa ko rashin lafiya. Bayan wannan Dr. Yusuf M. Adamu ya bude wani blog mai suna www.marubutanhausa.blogspot.com, wanda yake bayar da tarihin marubutan Hausa, tare kuma da hotunansu a ciki. Har ila yau kuma Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino ya bude wani blog din mai suna www.fagenmarubuta.blogspot.com wanda ake sanya gajerun labaran marubutan Hausa musamman ‘ya’yan kungiyar marubuta ta Nijeriya reshen jihar Kano (ANA).<br /><br /><strong>2.2.7 Sanya gasa tsakanin marubuta:</strong> baya ga wadancan gasanni da aka yi a Arewacin Nijeriya don bunkasa harkar rubuce-rubucen littattafa na Hausa, an ci gaba da samun ire-iren wadannan gasanni kamar yadda e Kamfani Fisbas Media da ke Kadun ya sanya gasar marubuta a shekara ta 1994 inda aka samu littattafai guda uku, amma har yanzu ba a buga su ba kuma ba a bayar da kyautukan ba. A shekarar 2007 an sanya gasar marubutan Hausa wadanda suke rubutun zube, don tunwa da marigayi Injiniya Bashir Karaye, kuma an ware kudi Naira dubu dari uku N300,000 ga mutane uku, na farko N150,000 na biyu N100,000 na uku N50,000. a wannan shekara ta 2007, shekarar da aka fara gasar Littafin ‘Yartsane na Ibrahim Sheme ne ya yi na daya, sai kuma Matar Uba Jaraba na Hajiya Balaraba Ramat ya yi na biyu, littafin Kankana na Maje El- Hajij shi ne ya yi na uku.<br /><br />A wannan shekara da muke cikin2008, an sake yin wannan gasa, kuma littafin Baki Abin Magana na Dala’ilu Bobboji ne ya na farko aka ba shi N150,000 sai kuma Bakin Kishi na Muhammad Lawan Barista ya yin a biyu aka ba shi N100,000, na uku kuma shi ne Garinmu Da Nisa na Ibrahim Birniwa.<br /><br /><strong>2.2.8 Mayar da wasu littattafai zuwa fim na bidiyo:</strong> da tafiya ta yi tafiya a cikin rubuce-rubucen matasa sai kuma sha’awar nan ta harkar fim ta dada karuwa gare su har kuma wasu daga cikinsu suka tsunduma tsundum cikin harkokin finafinan Hausa. Ga Jerin sunayen wasu marubuta da suka shiga harkar fim da kuma littattafan da aka mayam fim:<br /><br /><strong>Marubuci Sunan Littafin da aka Mayar Fim</strong><br />1 Abba Bature- Auren Jari<br />2 Abdul’aziz Sani Idaniyar Ruwa<br />3 Abdullahi Yahaya Mai Zare ........<br />4 Abubakar Ishak Rigima Uban Wa T7a Kashe? Da Da Kyar Na Sha<br />5 Adamu Muhammad Kwabon Masoyi<br />6 Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino In Da So Da Kauna<br />7 Alhamis D. Bature ...........<br />8 Aminu Aliyu Argungu Haukar Mutum<br />9 Aminu Hassan Yakasai (marigayi)- Madubi<br />10 Aminuddin L. Abubakar (Ala) - Bakar Aniya<br />11 Auwalu Muhammad Danborno........<br />12 Auwalu Y. Hamza- Gidan Haya<br />13 Bala Anas Babinlata- Tsuntsu Mai Wayo<br />14 Bala Muhammad Makosa- Halimatu Ko Jummai<br />15 Balaraba Ramat - Ina Son Sa Haka da Alhaki Kwikwiyo<br />16 Bashir Sanda Gusau- Babu Maraya Sai Rago da Auren Zamani<br />17 Bilkisu Salisu Ahmad Funtuwa - Ki Yarda Da Ni da Sa’adatu Sa’ar Mata<br />13 Dalhatu Ibrahim Basawa- Cizon Yatsa<br />19 Dan’azumi Baba Cediyar ‘Yangurasa- Bakan Damiyar Rikicin Duniya<br />20 Habibu Hudu .........<br />21 Halima A.D. Aliyu - Muguwar Kishiya<br />22 Ibrahim Birniwa - Maimunatu<br />23 Ibrahim M. Mandawari- Aminu Mijin Bose<br />24 Ibrahim Mu’azzam Indabawa- Boyayyiyar Gaskiya (Ja’iba)<br />25 Ibrahim M. K/Nassarawa- Soyayya Cikon Rayuwa<br />26 Jamilu Abubakar Kundila ................<br />27 Kabiru Ibrahim Yakasai- Suda da Turmi Sha Daka<br />28 Kamilu Gwammaja- Rabi’a<br />29 Khalid Musa- Kadaura (Hannun Da Ya Ba Da Kyautar Fure)<br />30 Lubabatu Ya’u.......<br />31 Maje El-Hajij- Sirrinsu<br />32 Muhammad .B. Zakari- Komai Nisan Dare<br />33 Nazir Adam Sale- Naira Da Kwabo<br />34 Rabi’u Abdullahi Sharfadi- Halak<br />36 Sadiya Garba Yakasai.........<br />37 Sani Yusuf Mararraba .........<br />38 Sunusi Shehu Daneji- Bankwana da masoyi<br />39 Yusuf Aliyu Lawan Gwazaye- Cinnaka<br />40 Zilkifilu Mohammed- Su Ma ‘Ya’ya Ne<br />41 Zuwaira Isa - Mowar Mata<br /><br /><strong>3.0 Tasirin Littattafan Soyayya ga Al’ummar Hausawa:</strong><br />Tasirin littattafan soyayya ga al’umar Hausawa, ba kadan ba ne. Amma duk da haka za a yi kokari a bayyana kadan daga cikinsu.<br /><br />Alal hakika al’umma kan amfana sosai da karanta ko sauraron littattafan soyayya a rediyo. A takaice dai ga yadda aka karkasa ire-iren wannan tasiri ko amfani da al’umma kan samu a sakamakon karantawa ko sauraron littattafan soyayya a gidajen rediyo:<br /><br />• Bunkasa tunani<br />• Karfafa dankon zumunci<br />• Cusa wa mai sauraro ko mai karatu farin ciki<br />• Tausayi<br />• Jarumta<br />• Dauriya/hakuri<br />• Son karatun Hausa da bunkasa Harshen<br />• Cusa sha’awar yin rubutu a zukatan matasa maza da mata<br />• Kyautata zamantakewar ma’aurata da kuma masoya ta hanyar karatun littattafan soyayya<br />• Samar da aikin yi ga matasa maza da mata<br />• Kalubalantar auren dole a kasar Hausa<br />• Yakar jahilci<br />Da sauransu.<br /><br />Bari mu dan yi bayanin wasu daga ciki wadannan abubuwa da muka jero a sama don a dan fahimci yadda tasirin da littattafan soyayya suka yi ga jama’ar Hausawa.<br /><br /><strong>3.1 Son karatu da bunkasa Harshen:</strong> sakamakon samuwar littattafan soyayya cikin harshen Hausa, irin dabi’ar nan da ake cewa Hausawa suna da ita ta rashin son yin karatu ta fara raguwa, domin matasa maza da mata da kuma matana aure za ka tarar da su suna yawan karanta wadannan littattafai dare da rana, ko a cikin mota, kai wani lokacin a matar aure tana girki idan ta san za ta sami wasu mintina ba tare da ta yi wani aiki da hannunta ba za ka ga ta dauki littafi tana karantawa, domin kada ta bar wannan mintinan su tafi a banza ba tare da ta yi wani abu ba. Haka ma a cikin kasuwanni idan babu abokan ciniki a wajen da mutum yake kasuwancinsa za ka tarar yana ko kuma tana karatun littafi kafin abokin cinikin ya zo.<br /><br /><strong>3.2 Cusa sha’awar yin rubutu a zukatan matasa maza da mata:</strong> Karanta littattafan Hausa da kuma sauraro lokacin da ake karantawa a gidajen rediyo sha’awar yin rubutu ta shiga zukatan mutane da yawa, domin ni da kaina na san mutane da yawan gaske, maza da mata wadanda suka zama marubuta sanadiyyar karatun da littattafai da suke yi.<br /><br /><strong>3.3 Samar da aikin yi ga matasa maza da mata:</strong> littattafan soyayya sun samarwa da matasa maza da mata aikin yi, wasu matasan a da can ba su da wata tsayayyiyar sana’a, amma sanadiyyar samuwar wadannan littattafai sun samu abin yi. Misali wasu marubutan ba su da wata sana’a da ta wuce rubuta littattafai da shi suka dogara, shi ne sana’arsu, da shi suke ci da sha a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Wasu kuwa a buga littattafan suka dogara, wat sun kafa dan karami kamfanin wallafa da suke bugawa ire-iren wadannan marubuta littattafansu, kuma cikin sauki, sabanin irin yadda manyan kamfanoni suke zabga kudi in ka kai musu buga littafi. Wasu kuwa kantunan sayar da littattafan suka bude, yadda in an buga littafi ake kai musu su sayar. Kai da tafiya ta yi tafiya ma, sai su ma marubutan suka fara bude kantunan sayar da littattafai da kansu. Wasu kuma daga cikin marubutan sun kafa wajen wallafa littattafai don su dinga wallafa nasu, daga baya kuma suka shiga wallafa na wasu marubutan.<br /><br /><strong>3.4 Kalubantar auren dole a kasar Hausa:</strong> marubuta littattafan Hausa musamman ma na soyayya ba karamin aiki suka yi ba a wajen kalubalantar auren dole a kasar Hausa, domin abu ne sananne cewa a lokutan baya ana yi wa ‘yanmata auren dole, kara zube amma a ‘yan shekarun nan sakamakon rubuce-rubuce da ake ta yi yi ana nuna wa iyaye illar yin hakan da kuma irin yadda ake jefa ‘yanmata cikin mummunar rayuwa ta shiga bariki da yin karuwanci, ko kuma yarinya ta halaka kanta ta wasu hanyoyi da ba su dace ba, a yanzu abin ya ragu (auren dole) sosai.<br /><br /><strong>3.5 Yakar jahilci:</strong> kamar yadda muka sani jahilci muguwar cut ace, mai hana mutane su ci gaba, to marubuta sun taimaka wajen yakarsa a kasar Hausa, domin da yawa mutanen dab a su iya karatunda rubutu ba amma don son su da sha’awarsu da ire-iren wadannan littattafai na soyayya, sai ka ga sun dage wajen koyon hada bakaken Hausa har ta kai su ga iya karatun littafin soyayya. Wasu kuma in ana karantawa a rediyo ne suke neman wanda ya iya karatun Hausa ya dinga nuna musu wurin da ake karantawa, suna bi, wato suna saurara kuma suna bin sun hada harufan da ake karantawa, wata rana sai ka ga mutum ya karanta shi kadai, domin an ce himma ba ta ga raggo.<br /><br /><strong>4.0 Kammalawa<br /></strong>Wannan takarda ta yi kokarin bayyana tarihin ginuwa da habakar rubuce-rubucen soyayya na Hausa wadanda suka fara samarwa tun daga shekara ta 1916 zuwa yau. Haka kuma an duba ire-iren gasannin da aka shirya ga marubuta a Nijeriya ta Arewa. Sannan an bayyana wasu dalilai wadanda suka dada ruruta rubuce-rubucen litattafan soyayya da suka yi tasiri a rayuwar al’ummar Hausawa musamman a Nijeriya. Har wa yau, an dada fito da yadda wadannan dalilai suka yi naso a zukatan marubuta har suka bad a damar juya wasu littattafan izuwa shiri na fim na Hausa.<br /><br />A dunkule, wannan takarda ta waiwayi littattafan soyayya wadanda aka rubuta cikin Hausa ta tsatstsefe tarihinsu da yanye-yanensu da halayinsu da dabi’unsu da kuma nasonsu a rayuwar Hausawa, tun ma ba matasa ba, a Nijeriya da kuma duniya baki daya.<br /><br /><strong>5.0 Manazarta<br /></strong>Adamu, Y. M. (1994) Wane Ne Marubuci? Mujallar Zamani, Ta 1, Fitowa Ta 1, Maris. Kano:<br />Gidan Dabino Publishers.<br /><br />Adamu, Y. M. (2002) Print and Broadcast Media in Northern Nigeria. www.kanoonline.com.<br /><br />Adamu A.U. (2006) “Loud Bubbles from a Silent Brook: Trends and Tendencies in Contemporary Hausa Prose Writing” in Research in African Literatures Volume 37, Number 3, fall, Indiana University Press.<br /></div><br /><div align="justify">Adamu, Y. M. 1999. Hausa Literary Movement, Media and the City. Being a paper presented at Kano<br />Millennium Conferance<br /><br />Adamu, Y. M. (1994) Hausa Novel at the Cross-road, ANA Review, October.<br /><br />Adamu, Y.M. (1998) Long Live the Hausa Novel, New Nigerian Weekly, 6-12 June.<br /><br />Adamu, Y.M. (1996) Hausa Writing and Writers Today. Being a paper presented at the 16th<br />Annual convention of the Association of Nigerian Authors, November, Arewa House.<br /><br />Adamu, A.U. (1999) Literary Expressions in the 1990s<br /><br />Adamu, A.U. (2006) Hadin Kai Tsakanin Marubutan Harsunan Gida Na Kasashe, An Gabatar da<br />Wannan Takarda a Taron Kasa da Kasa na marubutan Nijeriya da Nijar, Wanda Kungiyar Marubuata ta Nijeriya Reshen Jihar Kano Suka shirya, a Birnin Yamai, Nijar.<br /><br />Adamu, A.U. (2005) Rawar da Matan Hausawa ke Takawa Wajen Bunkasa Adabin Hausa, an<br />Gabatar a Bikin Kaddamar da Littattafan Muradin Mata da Madafa – Kicin Sirrin Mata,<br />a Dakin Karatu Na Murtala Muhammad, Kano.<br /><br />Abdulwaheed, H.1980. So Aljannar Duniya. Zariya: NNPC.<br /><br />Ahmad, T. W. 1985. Rabin Raina. Kaduna: Ogwu Printers.<br /><br />Ahmad, U.B. 2002. Jiya A Yau: Dadaddun Wakokin Hausa. Zariya: ABUPL.<br /><br />Alkanci, H.A. 1980. Soyayya Ta Fi Kudi. Zariya: Gsakiya Corporation.<br /><br />Ayagi, S. Y. (2005) WaKar Shirin AlKalami Ya Fi Takobi. Kano: Freedom Rediyo.<br /><br />Danbatta, M. 1980. Amadi Na Malam Amah. Zariya: Gsakiya Corporation.<br /><br />East, R. & Tafida, J.1935. Jiki Magayi. Zariya: Gsakiya Corporation.<br /><br />Furniss. G., Buba. M. (2004) Bibliography of Hausa Popular Fiction 1987-2002. Germany.<br />Rudiger Koppe Verlag, Koln.<br /><br />Galadanci, M.KM. (1992) Gabatarwa a Littafin Hattara Dai Masoya 1 & 2. Kano:<br />Gidan Dabino Publishers Enterprises.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino A.A (1993) The Soul of My Heart,. Kano: Gidan Dabino Publishers.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A, (1995) Muhimmancin Marubuta a Cikin Al’umma,<br />Takardar da Aka Gabatar a Bikin Kaddamar da Littafin Karshen Mai Zalunci. Koko, Jihar Kebbi: Makarantar Sakandare.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A, (1993) Gudummawar Adabin Hausa da Addinin Musulunci, Takardar da<br />Aka Gabatar a Taron Kara wa Juna Sani na Dalibai Musulmi na Babbar Makarantar<br />Sakandaren Dawakin Tofa.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A, (1992) Tasirin Labaran Soyayya ga Al’umma, Musamman ta Hausawa,<br />An Gabatar da Wannan Takarda a Taron Kara wa Juna Ilimi Mai Taken “Rubutu Don Al’umma’’ Wanda Kungiyar “Writers Forum” ta Gudanar, a Majalisar Matasa ta Fagge, Kano.<br /><br />http://hausa.soas.ac.uk/<br /><br />Katsina, S.I.1980. Mallakin Zuciya. Zariya: NNPC.<br /><br />Katsina, A.1978. Sihirtaccen Gari. Zariya: NNPC.<br /><br />Malumfashi, I. (2007) Behind The Veil of The Silent Sisters: The Images of Space, A Paradox<br />of Plenty And Women's Writing From Northern Nigeria. Leventis Fellow, Being a paper Presented at SOAS University, London, Weekly West Africa Seminar, Department<br />of Anthropology University College, London.<br /><br />Malumfashi, I. & Aliya A.A, 2006. Writing Competitions and The Development of Hausa<br />Novel: The Colonial Legacy. Being a paper presented at the 4th Conference of Literature in Northern Nigeria, organized by the Department English and French, Bayero University, Kano.<br />Malumfashi, I. 2004. Ta’aziyyar Adabin Kasuwar Kano Makalar da Aka Gabatar a Taron Kara<br />wa Juna Sani a Taron Kasa da Kasa na 6 Wanda Cibiyar Harsunan Nijeriya ta Jami’ar<br />Bayero, Kano ta Shirya.<br /><br />Muktar, I. (2004) Jagoran Nazarin Kagagaggun Labarai. Kano: Benchmark Publishers Limited.<br /><br />Prietze, R. 1916. Lieder des Hausawolks. Germany.<br /><br />Sa’id, B. 1980. Dausayin Soyayya. Zariya: Gsakiya Corporation.<br /><br />Usman, B. (2005) Taskar Tatsuniyoyi na 1 zuwa 12. Kano: Gidan Dabino Publishers.<br /></div><br /><div align="justify">Yahaya, I.Y., (1971-72) Tatsuniyoyi da Wasanni 1 zuwa 6. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.<br /></div><br /><div align="justify">Yahaya I.Y, (1988) Hausa a Rubuce: Tarihin Rubuce-Rubuce Ciin Hausa. Zaria: NNPC.<br /></div><br /><div align="justify">Yakubu, B.R. 1987. Budurwar Zuciya. Zariya: Gsakiya Corporation.<br /><br />Yakubu, B.R. 1990. Wa Zai Auri Jahila? Zariya: Gsakiya Corporation.<br /></div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-5060377134410009092008-09-25T05:07:00.010+01:002008-09-25T05:26:07.513+01:00<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:16;">`Hausa da Hausanci a Karni na 21 – Kalubale da Madosa<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu (<a href="mailto:auadamu@gmail.com">auadamu@gmail.com</a>) </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Chairman, Center for Hausa Cultural Studies</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Being a paper presented at one-day sensitization meeting <b style="">of Hausa Motion Arts Stakeholders</b> on <b style="">Wakilcin Al’adu da Addini a Finafinan Hausa</b>, held on Saturday 2nd April 2005 at the Murtala Muhammad Library, and organized by the Directorate of A Daidata Sahu, Kano</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><br /><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Gabatarwa</b><br />A duk fadin kasar nan, babu al’ummar da ta fi ta Hausawa samun kalubale a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> salsalarta da rayuwarta. Ba wani abu ne ya janyo haka ba illa albarkar da Allah Ya yi wa Hausa da Hausanci, ya zamanto ko kaka mutum wanda ba Bahaushe ne ba ya yi gogayya da Hausawa, ya iya Hausa, to shi kam zai dauki kansa ne a matsayin Bahaushe. Wannan ya saba da yadda shi Bahaushen ya <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> dauki kansa, domin komai jimawar da ya yi a wani wuri, to shi har abada a matsayin Bahaushe zai dauki kansa, ba dan mazauna wurin ba. Abin da ya janyo haka kuwa shine ganin yadda kasar Hausa ta zama dadaddiyar cibiyar ciniki tsakanin bakaken fatan Afrika na <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Sudan</st1:country-region></st1:place> da kuma Larabawa, wanda ya sa kasar Hausa ta zama wajen zaman mutane da kabilu da yawa domin cinikayya. Su kansu Hausawan ba mazauna waje daya bane; daga <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place> zuwa Gwanja, zuwa Salo da Kamaru da Kwango, duk babu inda Hausawa basu ratsa sun kafa sansani ba. Amma tushen su kasar Hausa domin nan suke dawowa, komai dogon zangon su. A dawowar ne suka dawowa da sababban abubuwa na dabi’u da tadodin al’ummatan da suka hadu da su, suke narkar da wadannan su zama nasu, har ma ta kai a dinga kokwanton ko a kwai Bahaushe na asali. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma Hausa (yaren), Hausawa (masu yaren) da kuma Hausanci (akidar masu yaren) sun samu wani babban kalubale a wannan karni na 21 da muka shigo, ba don komai ba sai don ganin yadda igiyar sauyin halayen al’umma suka shafi gundarin rayuwar Bahaushe. Wannan igiyar kuwa ta taho ne da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani wanda sukan kawo mana salo da yanayin rayuwar wadansu al’ummatai na duniya wadanda wani lokaci muka ga kamar akwai kamanceceniya a salon rayuwarsu da namu. A kokarin kwaikwayon wadannan al’ummatan ne ake samun babban kalubale a rayuwar Bahause ta zamani ta hanyar finafinai, domin wannan ita ce babbar hanyar da ake haskaka rayuwar al’ummatai kuma a`ke wakiltarsu. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Bugu da kari, nazarin Hausanci sai ya bambanata da nazarin rayuwar al’ummatai (Anthropology) ta yadda kusan kullum an fi karkata ga <b style=""><i style="">yaren</i></b> Bahaushe, maimakon sauran fannonin na rayuwarsa. Sannan kuma ko a nazarin zamantakewarsa, an fi damuwa da haihuwa, rayuwa, mutuwa da bukukuwansa, watau tadodinsa, amma ba akidarsa, watau al’adarsa ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan jagoran bayanin, zan yi kokarin in fayyace salsalar Bahaushe da kuma fito da gundarin akidarsa domin fahimtar yadda Bahause yake, da kuma yadda yakamata a wakilce shi ta kowacce hanya in ana son a yi masa adalci. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <b style=""><span style=""><br /></span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Bahaushe, Daga Ina Haka?</b><br />Babban abin da za a fara tambaya a nan shine, wai shin wanene Bahaushe? Wannan tambayar tana da ban mamaki domin ganin cewa babu wata kabila da ake tantamar salsalarta a Nijeriya. Misali, idan aka ce Yarabawa, an san wadanda a ke nufi. Amma da zarar ka ce Hausawa, sai a fara musu domin ana ganin yawan gaurayar al’ummatai, da kuma iya yaren Hausa na mutane da yawa ya sa bama za a iya cewa ga Bahaushe ba. Wannan tunani ya karfafu a bisa nazarin wani mai nazarin Harshe da ake kira Joseph Greenberg, wanda ya rasu a Amirka ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2001 yana dan shekara 85. A turbar nazarin da ya gina, Greenberg ya jagoranci ra’ayin cewa babu wata kabila Hausawa, domin su kansu Hausawan, a wajensu <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa” tana nufin yare – misali zaka ji mutum ya ce “bana jin Hausar wancan mutumin” – watau a nan, Hausa yare ce kenan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma kusan kowannen Bahaushe zaka ji ya ce da kai ai shi ainihin iyayensa Fulani ne, Buzayene, Barebari ne, da dai sauransu. Amma kuma in ka tambaye shi ko yana jin wancan yaren na wadannan mutanen, sai ya ce da kai baya ji. Wannan shi ke dada dagula Hausa da Hausanci, a rasa ma wai shin wanene Bahaushen. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wani hasashen an danganta samun kabilar Hausawa da auratayyar al’ummatai daga Afrika ta Arewa inda zaunannun wadannan wurare suka gauraya da buzaye, sannan aka samu Hausawa. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne a tsakanin 1050 da 1100.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Amma kuma wani manzarcin ya kalubalanci wannan hasahen inda ya ce babu wata tabbatacciyar hujja da ta nuna samun Hausawa bisa wannan auratayyar al’ummatan. A ganin wannan manazarcin, in an ce “Kasar Hausa” to ana nufin yankin da ake magana da yaren “Hausa”, ba wai wata kabila ba.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sauran ra’ayin manazarta suma sun ginu ne a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> wannan ra’ayin. Ta haka, misali, Niven ya ce <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa” asalinta ta Buzaye ce, domin da wannan sunan suke kiran duk wanda ya fito daga arewancin kogin Kwara.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A wannan nazarin, Hausa kalma ce wadda Buzaye ke kiran duk bakar fatar da ke inda Larabawa ke kira <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Sudan</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Abin mamaki, ita wannan kalmar ma tana nufin mutanen Abyssinia, watau Habasha, wanda wannan ya kawo hasashen cewa Hausawa daga Habasha suke; yanzu kam mun gane cewa kiran Hausawa da Hausa, da kuma kiran Habashawa da Hausa, duk aikin Buzaye ne.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sannan kuma yin amfani da kalmar ma kaskanci ne na wariyar launin fatan da Buzaye ke yi wa duk wani baKi. Misali, tunda Hausa tana nufin Bahaushe da kuma Bahabashe, sai a ka samu wata danganta ta yadda a harshen Habashanci, “habshi” na nufin haushin kare. Saboda haka a wajen Buzayen wancan lokacin, duk wanda ke magana da wadannan yarurrikan to Bahabshi ko Bahaushe ne.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A takaice dai an daidata furucin Hausa da <i style="">haushin kare</i>, wanda kuma su Hausawa suna yin haka ga wadansu kabilun inda in mutum baya jin Hausa, sai su ce, “bagware ne”. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Skinner kuwa cewa yayi <st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city> “Hausa” ta fito daga mutanen Songhai (inda <st1:country-region st="on">Mali</st1:country-region> take yanzu) ne, domin sune suke kiran duk kauyukan da ke gabas da su <i style="">hausa</i> ko <i style="">aussa</i>, daga nan ne su “Hausawan” suka ari wannan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> suke kiran kansu da ita<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> – watau kafin wannan basu da wani suna da suke kiran kansu!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma manzartan tarihin kasashen Larabawa sun ziyarci kasar Hausa amma duk a rubutunsu, basu ambaci <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa ba” a matsayi sunan kabilun da suka hadu da su. Marubuta kamar su Leo Africanus wanda ya ziyarci kasar Hausa wajen karni daga 1513 zuwa 1515, bai ambaci mutanen da sunan Hausawa ba, sai dai ya ce “Mutanen <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place>”, “Mutanen Katsina”, da sauransu. Yarensu kuma sai ya ce suna magana da yaren “Mutanen Gobir”. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan ya nuna cewa jimlar <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa” a matsayin nuni ga wata kabila sabon abu ne wanda bai wuce shekaru 400 ba. Amma kuma akwai daulolin Hausawa da masarautun Hausawa da ake magana da <i style="">harshen</i> Hausa fiye da shekaru 1000 da suka wuce. Idan haka ne, ashe Hausanci ba a yaren ya tsaya ba, akwai kabila wacce take da salsala. Makala suna “Hausawa” a matayin masu magana da yaren “Hausa” abu ne wanda wadansu suka yi wa Hausawan, amma basu Hausawan da kansu ba, kamar yadda Hausawa ke cewa da kabilar Igbo, “Inyamurai”, wanda kuma ba haka su Igbo suka kiran kansu ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka ko da lokacin da Leo Africanus ya zo <st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city>, daular <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place> ta yi fiye da shekaru 500 da kafuwa, kuma da Hausa ake tafiyar da ita. Ashe Hausanci ba yare ne ba, akwai kabila Hausa. A nan nafi karkata ga Muhammad Sani Ibrahim inda ya ce, Hausa suna ne da yake da ma’anar Harshe, da mutanen da suke magana da shi, da kuma kasar da ake magana da shi.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka sai mu koma tambayar farko, shin wanene Bahaushe? Amsar a nan ita ce duk wanda salsalarsa babu wani yaren iyaye sai Hausa, to shi ne Bahaushe. Idan a jerin iyaye da kakanni akwai wanda ba Bahaushe bane, to kai ma ba Bahaushe bane. Na aro wannan ma’aunin bisa cewa Hausanci kirar halitta ce, ba lafazi ba. Misali, a kasar Turawa, in a cikin iyaye da kakanninka akwai bakar fata, to ko kafi madara fari a matsayin bakar fata kake. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan ma’aunin, babu maganar zama a wata al’umma da kuma sanin yarenta, domin ka zama dan wannan al’ummar (a nan, kabilar). Misali, duk iya larabcin bakar fatan da ya zauna a garin Maka, ba za a taba kiransa Balarabe ba, ba wai kawai don akwai banbancin tsakakin fatar Balarabe na aihini da bakar fata, ba, a’a, kawai ba Balarabe bane, kuma shi ma ya san haka. Haka duk iya Turancin bakar fata a Ingila ba za kira shi Ingilishi ba, sai dai dan kasar Ingila, domin Ingilishi (English) kabilace a Ingila tare da Sikotawa (Scottish), Irishawa (Irish) da kuma Welshawa (Welsh), kuma duk wadannan Turawa ne, farar fata; babu baki a cikinsu. Su kansu a Ingila din, zaka ji mutum na alfahari da kabilarsa – misali, duk da cewa shi fari ne, amma zai ce maka shi Ba’Irishe ne, ba Ingilishi ba. Saboda haka kamar Hausa, in ka ce <i style="">English</i> to ana nufin yaren da kuma Kabilar. Ta haka za a bambanta cewa “wannan mutumin <i style="">British</i> ne, amma fa dan kabilar Welshawa ne”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bari</st1:city></st1:place> in dawo gida. Idan, misali wani Bayarabe da matarsa suka bar kasar Yarabawa fiye da shekaru 100 da suka wuce, suka yada zango a wata unguwa a <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place> suka yi zuri’a, to komai nisan zuri’ar da wadannan iyayen zuri’a, duk a Yarabawa suke. Halin zamantakewar su zai iya sa wadanda aka <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">haifa</st1:city></st1:place> daga baya basu ma san yaren iyayen nasu na asali ba, sai Hausa. Duk da haka, Yarabawa ne, domin salsalarsu ce. Idan dole sai an dangantasu da Hausa, to a iya kiransu abin da na kirkiro da <b style=""><i style="">Hausawan Zamantakewa</i></b>. Amma ba Hausawa bane, domin Hausa ta wuce yare, kabila ce, tare da al’adunta na musamman, da kuma dabi’o’inta. Mutum zai iya rungumar wadannan domin ya zama Bahaushen Zamantakewa, amma ba zai zama Bahaushe ba, kamar yadda mutum zai iya karbar rayuwar Larabawa domin ya zama dan, misali, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Dubai</st1:city></st1:place>, amma ba zai taba zama Balarabe ba in ba shi ba ne.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Idan iyayen salsar sun ki su koyawa zuri’ar su yaren su domin suna son su bace su zama Hausawa (ko kuma mazaunan inda suka sami kansu), wannan ruwansu, amma wannan ba zai kankare musu Yarabancin ba. Mu danganta da cewa komai dadewar Bahaushe a Shagamu, ba zai taba tsammanin shi Bayarabe ne ba. Ta haka za a ga Hausawan Kamaru da Gana da Kwango, misali, wadansu basa jin Hausar sosai, ko kuma suna yin Hausar wata iri, amma kowanne daga cikinsu zai danganta salsalarsa da wani gari a kasar Hausa. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan yana daga cikin ban mamakin albarkar da Allah ya yi wa Hausa da Hausawa – kullum wadanda ba Hausawa sai so suke a dauke su a matsayin Hausawa, duk da cewa suna da tasu kabilar – da akidodin – wacce ya kamata su daukaka.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Dabi’a, Tada (Gargajiya) da kuma Al’adar Bahaushe</b><br />Tari da yawa in an yi maganar “al’adar Bahaushe” ana maganar dabi’u da tadar Bahaushe ne. Babban abin da ke kawo wannan muhawar shine ganin yadda kusan duk nazarin da ake yi wa Hausawa, ana yi ne daga turbar harshe, ba daga turbar mu’amala da tarbiyya ba. Wannan ya saba da yadda manazartar rayuwar al’umma ke nazarin sauran al’ummatan. Kuma kasancewa masu nazarin Hausawa na farko-farko sun yi daga wannan kusurwar ta nazarin harshe, sai aka ci gaba da wannan turbar. Ina mai fatan bude wata hanyar nazarin rayuwar Bahause a bisa alkiblar nazarin rayuwar dan Adam ba kawai ta harshe ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Hanya ta farko ta barin waccan kusurwar nazarin ita ce bambanta <b style=""><i style="">dabi’ar Hausawa</i></b>, <b style=""><i style="">tada (ko gargajiyar) Hausawa</i></b>, da kuma <b style=""><i style="">al’adar Hausawa</i></b>. Wadannan rukunayen rayuwa dole a bambantasu kamar yadda masu nazarin salsalar al’umma (Anthropologists) suke yi wa sauran al’ummatan. Domin a samu kyakkyawar fahimta, dabi’a dai ita ce, <i style="">social behavior</i>; tada ko gargajiya kuma, <i style="">customs and traditions</i>; sannan al’ada kuma <i style="">mores and midsets</i>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="">A bisa wannan ma’unin, </span>dabi’a tana nufin <b style=""><i style="">yanayin zaman mutum</i></b>, tada da gargajiya kuma na nufin yanayin da aka gada kaka da kakanni, wanda zai iya bambanta da yanayin zaman mutum a yanzu, ko kuma halin da mutum ya samu kansa. Al’ada kuma tana nufin <b style=""><i style="">sinadarin mu’amalar mutum</i>, </b>ko kuma<b style=""> <i style="">tarbiyyarsa</i></b>. Al’ada a gaba take da dabi’a, kuma zata iya jagoranta. Idan an ce mutum ba shi da al’ada mai kyau, ana nufin bashi da tarbiyya mai kyau, domin al’adar ko tarbiyyar sune suke gina shi a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> fasalin <b style=""><i style="">mutumin kirki</i></b>, ko kuma “dan asali”. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Za a iya aron dabi’a da ma gargajiya, amma ba za a iya aron al’ada ba, domin ita al’ada tana tattare da ruhin mai ita; bayan dabi’a kuwa ta <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> canza bisa yadda yanayin zama yakama; kai har ma aron ta ake yi, amma ba za a taba aron al’ada ba. Saboda haka za iya aron abubuwan sarrafa dabi’a, a gyarasu, a canza su, in kuma an gaji da su a zubar da su. Amma ba a aron al’ada domin ita al’ada tana like ne da ruhin mai ita a matsayin sinadari. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A duk inda ake nazarin zamantakewar Bahaushe, dole sai ka ji ana ta cakuda wadanan rukunayen zaman mutum -- dabi’a, tada, da kuma al’ada. Wani lokaci in an ce al’ada, to ana nufin dabi’a; sannan kuma in an yi maganar dabi’a, saka ji lallai ba al’ada ake magana ba, ana maganar tada ne. Ya zama wajibi a bambanta kowanne da kawo bayanai da hujjoji domin su tallafawa bayanin.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Dabi’a da Zamanancin Bahaushe</b><br />Duk da na ganin kamar Bahaushe bagidaje ne, bana jin akwai kabilar da ta fi Bahaushe rungumar zamanin da ya sami kansa. Wannan ba zai zama abin mamaki ba domin kasar Hausa dadaddiyar matattara al’ummatai ce. Su kansu Hausawan ba mazauna ne ba, akwai su da yaron kasuwanci da fatauci. Ta haka sukan ci karo da abubuwa baki da yawa, daga yare da are-aren kalmomi, zuwa ire-iren abinci da kuma tufafi, kai har da ma sigar gine-gine. A duk lokacin da Bahaushe ya ci karo da wani abu sabo, dan-da-nan yake karbarsa, in har ya yi daidai da abin da saba da shi. Idan kuwa bai daidata sahu da rayuwarsa ba, to bijire masa yake yi, komai kyaun sa. A bisa wannan tarihi na Bahaushe, babu wanda ya fi Bahaushe karbar zamani.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ta wannan hanyar, da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da muke amfani da su, wadanda ake ganin kamar aro ne, duk na sarrafa dabi’a ne, kuma da yawa na aron ne. Misali, Bahaushe bai san ya yi gini da kusurwa hudu ba, sai da ya hadu da Larabawa. Kafin wannan lokacin Bahaushe bai san tubali ba, a wajen Larabawan ya gani. Amma ya karbi gini da tubali, daga baya da sauyin zamani ya zo, ya ke amfani da bulo, da farko da na kasa, daga baya ya koma na siminti. Wannan canjin yana nuna canjin dabi’ar Bahause ta gini, wanda dama da aro ya fara shi. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Haka kafin haduwar Bahaushe da Larabawa, abincinsa kusan kayyadadde ne – dambu, tuwo, zogale, dan wake, da sauransu. Haduwa da Larabawa ya canza dabi’ar cin abinsa ya fara cin gurasa, alkubus, algaragis, da sauransu. Yau in ya ce ya daina cin dambu – ra’ayi ne, ba Hausanci ba, domin takan yiwu a haifi Bahaushe a kasar da babu dambu ko kuma kayan sarrafa shi, kamar a ce Australiya – shike nan kuma sai a ce ba Bahaushe bane don ba ya cin dambu?</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma babban abin da ya kawo ake ganin kamar ma babu wata kabila Hausawa, kuma Hausanci ai yarene, ba wani abu bane illa ganin yadda tabbas kam Bahaushe na da saurin aron abubuwa. Kusan duk abin da aka ga Bahaushe ya ara, to yayi ne a matsayin makami domin hulda da wadanda ya ara daga wajensu; kuma in abin bai yi masa ba, zubar da shi zai yi; in kuma ya yi masa, zai narkar da shi ya zama nasa, ta yadda ko shi kansa wanda ya bawa Bahaushe aron abin, ba zai iya gane shi ba. Amma duk abin da ya ara, abin sarrafawa ne – daga tufafi, zuwa dabarun dafa abinci, zuwa ire-iren abinci, kuma zuwa kalmomi. Duk wadannan an aro su, ana kuma amfani da su, kuma in basu dace da al’ada ba, to zubar da su ake yi ta yin Allah-wadai da su. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Babu inda Bahause ya nuna gwanintarsa ta aron abubuwa suka zama masarrafai gare shi kamar harshe. Bincike ya nuna cewa har ya zuwa 1960 kusan kashi 20 daga 100 na kalmomin Hausa da Fulanci daga Larabci suke.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sannan kuma daga 1960 zuwa yanzu, an samu karin wadansu kalmomin da Bahaushe ya ara a cikin Larabci yadda abin zai kai kusan kashi 40 ko fiye daga cikin dari daga kalmomin da aka ara. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan sauran yararraki sun shigo cikin Hausa sosai ta yadda Bahaushe ya ari abubuwansu ya mayar nasa. Amma kusan duk abin da aka ga Bahaushe ya ara, to kamar yadda na ce, abin sarrafawa ne, ba tsarin mu’amala ba. Misalai daga cikin yararrakin da Bahaushe ya ci karo da su, sannan kuma ya ari kalmominsu sun hada da Azbinanci, Fullatanci, Barbanci, da Nufanci. Ga jadawalin da ya nuna misalai daga cikin wadannan are-aren kalmomin daga wadansu yararrakin cikin Hausa:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Jadawali na 1: Are-Aren Kalmomi a Cikin Hausa</b><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""></a><o:p><br /></o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 276.35pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="368"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Azbinanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.85pt;" valign="top" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Fullatanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ayaran<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ayari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Allah seini<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alasaini (pl)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takarde<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takarda<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">All reini<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alaraini (pr)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takoba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takobi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Allah sabbi nane<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alasubbinani (h)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">cokal<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">cokali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kindirmu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kindirmo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kanwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kanwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bukkaro<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bukka<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ejaq<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">jaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burtol<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burtali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">aurak<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">auraki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">jalloru<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">jallo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">akala<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">akala<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burugal<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burugali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">azurf<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">azurfa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">baff<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">baffa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mamaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mamaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kawu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kawu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ashiq<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ice<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">goggo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gwaggo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tindi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">turmi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ndottijo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">dattijo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sabro<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sauro<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ndottaku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">dattaku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alabe<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">wallet<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Yallaboi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">amale<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">rakum<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">hobboje<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takobi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mura<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mura<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Talaka<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Tattabara<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tozali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">teku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">teku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Kalma</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Fahimta</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Alaka</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Jadawali</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Kuduri</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 403.65pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="538"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Barbanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Yarbanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.45pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Nufanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kasugu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kasuwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">paki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Kwaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gulu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ungulu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tubo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">turba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">pano<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwano<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gbamgba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">agwagwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sango<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sango<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">agogo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">agogo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kplaba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwalba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">fure<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">fure<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">apoti<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">akwati<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">iyelye<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alele<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tambari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tambari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gele<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gyale<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bente<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bante<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">algaita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">algaita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">fshana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ashana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ganga<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ganga<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">dokita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">likita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">birni<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">birni<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">patapata<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwata-kwata<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">goyi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gwani<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">pali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Ungowar zoma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gangan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ganga<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Karuwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >mangul<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >sirdi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >yarima<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >rubutu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >maina<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Alaramma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Birni<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Ciroma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Ingarma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Kaigama<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">yarima<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">yarima<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Shi kansa Turanci da ake ganin kamar yaren wadansu kebabbu ne, bai samu ci gaba ba sai da ya ari kalmomi da yawa daga cikin yaren al’ummatan da Turawa suke hulda da su; domin Turawa, kamar Hausawa, ba zaune suke ba, a kwai su da yawo da kuma karbar sabon abu. Misali daga cikin al’ummatan da Turawa suka ari kalmominsu domin gina Turanci na jadawali na kasa.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Jadawali na 2: Are-Aren Cikin Turanci</b><o:p><br /></o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 257.2pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="343"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Turkish<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;">Egypt</span></i></b></st1:country-region></st1:place><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;">Arab<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;">Indian<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Mammoth<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Pharaoh</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Alcohol<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Bungalow<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span style="font-size:10;">Turkey</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Gum</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Hazard<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Dam (n)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Vampire<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ebony</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Cable<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Coach<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Oasis</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Sugar<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Malaysian<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Kiosk<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ivory</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Racket<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Amok<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Girl <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ammonia</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Mattress<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ketchup<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Beer <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Embark</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Magazine<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Launch<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Book <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Algebra<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Gong <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">King<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Alcove<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka ashe aro ba wani bakon abu ne a cikin dabi’ar Bahaushe, kuma tunda aron da yake yi yana tafiya da yadda ya samu kansa, dole a yarda Bahaushe na tafiya da zamani, ba wai bagidaje ne ba. Misali, cin abinci da hannun hagu da cokali mai yatsu,<span style=""> </span>dabi’ar Banasare ce. Cin abinci da tsinkaye guda biyu dabi’ar Canis ce. Duk wadannan da kyar zaka raba su da wadannan dabi’un. Amma zaman Bahaushe a Hon Kon zai iya sa ya ari dabi’ar cin abinci da tsinkaye, domin yana ganin zai iya, ko kuma yana sha’awa. Wannan ba zai sa ya zama Canis ba, amma za a iya cewa ya bar tasa dabi’ar (ta cin abinci da hannu, domin ko cin abinci da cokali ma ba dabi’ar Bahaushe ba ne, don cokalin aro shi ya yi daga wajen Azbinawa), ya ari ta Canis, domin a wannan aron, babu yadda zai nasabanta shi da rayuwarsa. Amma kuma a wani misalin, babbar <st1:city st="on">riga</st1:city> ba tufafin Bahaushe bane, amma yanzu babu Bahaushen da zai yarda babbar <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">riga</st1:city></st1:place> ba tasa ba ce saboda yadda ta dace da tsarin dabi’ar rayuwarsa.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Tada ko Gargajiya da Zamanancin Bahaushe</b><br />Tada, gargajiya, ko kuma <i style="">customs and practices</i>, tsare-tsaren rayuwar Bahaushe ne da ya gada kaka da kakanni. Da Musulunci ya zo, sai ya kawar da wadansu, kamar tsafi da bautar gumaka, da shan giya da zina, da sauransu, ya kuma kyale wadansu domin basu yi karo da addini ba, kamar tsare-tsaren haihuwa da sauran bukukuwan da suka hada da haihuwa. Duk da cewa rayuwa wacce aka gada shekara da shekaru, ba dole ne mutum ya yarda da ita ba, domin akwai ra’ayi a wajen inganta tada. Misali, matan Turawa basa wankan jego. Wannan sai matan Hausawa. Amma shi ma yanayi ne da kuma ra’ayi. Bahaushiyar da ke zaune a Ingila ba zata yi wankan jego ba, domin yin haka zai keta ka’idar kiwon lafiyar dan Adam a kasar. Saboda haka idan wannan Bahaushiyar ta ce ba za ta yi wankan jego ba, ba wai ta yar da tadar ta bane, kawai yanayin zamanta ba zai kyale ta ta ci gaba da wannan tadar bane. Sannan wadansu matan basu da karfin halin da zasu dinga shekawa kansu ruwan zafi, ko saboda rashin lafiya ba zasu iya wannan wankan jegon ba. Wannan ba zai fitar da su daga rukunin Hausawa ba, domin haka abin ya dauro musu. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Duk da haka, wadannan tadodin suma an yi musu kwaskwarima, tare da hadowa da na wadansu al’ummatan, a shigar da su cikin Hausa. Misali, matar da ta yi haihuwar fari tana zuwa gidansu ta ci gaba da wankan jego daga ranar suna ne. Amma Hausawa sun ari tadar Fulani ta wannan fannin na tafiya gida goyon ciki daga ciki na wata bakwai. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Yin haka ya yi daidai, domin abin duk za a ce kana da zabi a kai, ko dabi’a, ko tada, to kana da hakkin juya shi ta yadda zaka iya aiwatar da shi ta yadda kake so, ko da ya batar da surarsa ta ainihi, to dalilin yinsa na nan. Misali, kaurin jego na daga cikin tadodin Hausawa. A surarsa ta farko da kafuwan sa ake yi, a yi ganda, sannan a hada da kunun kanwa a aikawa makwabta da abokan arziki. Da tafiya ta yi tafiya, sai wannan ya canza, a ka koma yi da naman karamar dabba, daga baya a ka koma yi dabino da kuma alewa. Sigar ta canza, amma makasudin, ko kuma manufar yin kaurin, bata canza ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka in akwai wata tada ta ta sabawa Musulunci, to wannan bai kamata a daukakata ba. In kuwa bata sabawa Musulunci ba, to in dai zata amfana jama’a ta ko samar da aiki, ko karfafa zumunci, a iya daukakata, ko da an canza mata siga. A wannan, tadodin Bahaushe sun hada da tsare-tsaren rayuwarsa daga haihuwa zuwa aure, zuwa mutuwa. Kowacce kabila a duniya tana da abin da ta tanada na sarrafa wadannan nau’o’in na rayuwa.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Al’ada da Hausanci</b><br />Saboda haka da yawa daga cikin karon da a ke yi na ma’anar al’ada, ana nufin ko dabi’a, ko kuma tada. Da yawa daga masu nazarin rayuwar Bahaushe suna musayan ma’anar al’ada da kuma tada ko kuma dabi’a. Domin tunatarwa, na fassara al’ada a matsayin sindarin mu’amalar mutum, ko kuma <i style="">mores and mindsets</i>, da Turanci. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan sindarin mu’amalar shi <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> fitar da abin da za kira <b style=""><i style="">mutumin kirki</i></b>, wanda kuma halayyace, ko kuma tarbiyya. A takaice, al’ada hali ne, ba sarrafi ba. Wannan ma’aunin ya fito daga hannun masana da suka nazarci rayuwar Bahause a zamanin da ake ganin babu yawan cudanya tsakanin Hausawa da wadansu hanyoyin sadarwa da za ce sun zama rariyar daukan wadannan halayen. Kuma tun kafin zuwan Musulunci, Hausawa na da wadannan halayen – da Musulunci ya zo, ya inganta su ne. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A binciken da manazarta suka yi, an gano cewa al’adar Bahause, a bisa wannan ma’aunin na ma’anar al’ada, na tattare a sinadaran mu’ala guda 21. Wadannan sun hada da:</p> <span style=""><br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 314.2pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="419"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt dashed windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><b style="">Hausanci<o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: dashed dashed dashed none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><b style="">Fulatanci (Pulaaku)<o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Adalci</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Ne'ddaku (Jan Aji)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Amana </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Daraja </p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Dattako</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Ardungal (Shugabanci)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Gaskiya</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Marugo Na'i (Mallakar Shanu)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hakuri</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Endam (Kirki)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hankali</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hikima </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Juriya da jarumta</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]--><st1:place st="on">Kama</st1:place> sana’a</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">10.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Karamci </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">11.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kawaici</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">12.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kunya/Kara</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">13.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Ladabi</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">14.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Mua’amala </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">15.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Mutumci </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">16.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Rashin tsegumi</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">17.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Rikon addini</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">18.<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Zumunta</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wadannan ba sune kadai ba. Dole za a iya samun wadansu sinadiran; amma dai a wadannan masana kamar su Kirk-Greene<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> da kuma Zarruk<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> suka gina sinadarin al’adar Bahaushe da kuma Bafillace, tunda yanzu an zama daya. Saboda da haka a wannan ma’auni na su, al’adar Bahaushe ita ce al’adar <b style=""><i style="">mutumin kirki</i></b> a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Takan yiwu sauran kabilun suma suna da ire-iren wadannan, amma abin da ya fi damun mu a nan, shine yadda rayuwar Hausawa take, domin da mutum ya yi abu zaka ji an kwabe shi ana cewa, “haba, sai kace ba Bahaushe ba?” Wannan ya nuna ashe akwai ma’aunin Hausanci, ba wai kawai a tada ko dabi’a ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In an lura duk wadannan sinadirayen sun dogara ne a <b style=""><i style="">zuciyar mutum</i></b>, amma suna amfani da <b style=""><i style="">dabi’a</i></b> domin a aiwatar da su – shi yasa a ke ganin dabi’a da al’ada kamar daya ne. Misali, <b style=""><i style="">mutumci</i></b> ne mutum ya sa tufafi masu kyau. Amma a dabi’ance, zai iya sa tufafin da suka dace da yadda ya sami kansa. Amma kuma ko da a haka ne, saka tufafin zai dogara ga shekaranusa – wanda kuma an jawo <b style=""><i style="">dattaku</i></b> ciki. Misali, idan mutum dan shekara 50 mai sha’awar kallon wasan kwallon kafa, ya saka wandon jins da T-shat ta wani dan bal, da kuma hula hana-sallah, to gani za a yi ya karya dokokin al’adar Bahause ta hanyar <b style=""><i style="">zubar da mutumcinsa</i></b>, da kuma <span style=""> </span><b style=""><i style="">rashin nuna dattaku</i></b>, duk da cewa babu wata illa ga kayan da ya sa, domin sun kare tsiracinsa, sun dace da sha’awarsa ta kallon bal, kuma duk da cewa a wata alkaryar ta Musulumi (misali, Masar), za a iya samun takwararsa ya saka wadannan kayan, kuma ya samu karbuwa. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka al’adar Bahaushe ba wai gine-ginen da ko na zamani ba ne. Ba wai iya dafa wani abincin da ko na yanzu ba ne; ba kuma saka tufafin da ko na yanzu bane. Al’adar Bahaushe yanayin hali ne wanda ya fitar da shi dabam da sauran jama’a, ya zama duk inda yake yana wakilitar duk wani mutum da za a kira Bahaushe, kuma ta wani fannin, ko da Bamaguje ne. Misali, Bahaushen da ke zaune a Ingila ba dole ne ya sa manyan kaya irin wadanda zai sa a kasar Hausa ba. Amma yana da halayyar Bahaushen da komai jimawa a kasar da yayi, za a san lallai Bahaushe ne. Saboda haka don bai sa manyan kaya ba, wannan halin zaman wurin ne ya <st1:place st="on">kama</st1:place> haka, amma sinadarin halayensa na Bahaushe suna tare da shi, sai dai ya bijire musu, ko kuma ya dakatar da su saboda wadansu dalilai.. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bari</st1:city></st1:place> in ba da misalina na karshe wanda yake da dangantaka da dalilin taruwarmu a yau. Babu abin da aka fi yawan sakashi a cikin kwandon da ba nasa ba kamar rawa da waka. Kusan duk mai yin magana a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> rawa da waka zaka ji ya ce ai al’adar Bahaushe ce. Ina da ja a nan. Rawa da waka ba al’adar Bahaushe ba ce, domin ba ta zama tilas a <st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state> kowanne Bahaushe ba, sabanin halayyar al’ada, wadanda suka wajaba a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> duk wanda ke da ikirarin shi Bahaushe ne. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Idan aka bi ma’aunin gwajin al’ada, to tabbas rawa da waka ba al’dar Bahaushe bane. Hasali ma dai yinsu na runa kusan rashin duk jerin ayoyin tarbiyyar da aka gina al’adar Bahaushe da su. Rawa da waka sana’a ne, saboda haka tadodi ne. Kuma ko a sana’ance, suna da da muhallinsu; ta wani fannin ma gadonsu ake yi, ba shigege ba. Bugu da kari a rayuwar Bahaushe, mawaka da makada an dauke su a matsayin maroka. Su kansu mawakan, kamar Sani Dan Indo, suna nuna cewa basa fatan ‘ya’yansu su gaje su a wannan sana’ar ta su, duk da sun yi kudi, kuma sun yi tashe a cikinta.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ganin haka ne yasa a ke nisanta al’adar Bahaushe ta tarbiyya, da rawa da waka.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan ruwayar, rawa da waka ba su da matsayin rayuwar yau da kullum, kamar al’ada, saboda basu zama dole ba. Akwai rayuwar da za a iya yi babu rawa da waka, kuma a zauna lafiya, domin wani ma baya sonsu ko kadan. Amma babu yadda za a yi rayuwa babu, misali, ladabi, dattaku, karamci, amana, da sauransu. Ashe saboda haka rawa da waka tunda basu zama tilas a rayuwar Bahaushe ba, ba za a kirasu al’adar Bahaushe ba.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka in ka nuna mutum ya shiga bala’i, sai ya bigire da rawa da waka, to wannan ya keta al’adar Bahaushe, domin a al’adance, zai yi tawakkali ne. Haka kuma komai farin cikin da zai samu ga mutum, ba za kaga yaje wajen mahaifiyarsa yana yi mata rawa da waka ba; zai durkusa ne ya sanar da ita abin da rayuwarsa ke ciki, in har ta kai sai ya fada mata. Kuma komai soyayyar da mutum yake yiwa matarsa, babu yadda zaka ce al’adar Bahaushe ce ya dinga rera mata waka, ko don wa’azi ko don nishadi. Ita kanta in ya fara ma zata dauka ko ya haukace ne!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Amma a tadance, lokacin biki, suna ko wani taro, in mutum yana so, zai iya <st1:place st="on">tara</st1:place> makada da mawaka a cashe har gari ya waye. Wannan shi ya so. Amma a sigar zaman yau da kullum, ko su kansu da sana’arsu ce rawa da waka ba haka suke yinta ba, domin su ma ba al’adarsu ba ce.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka daukaka al’adar Bahaushe, daukaka addinin Musulunci ne, domin al’adar Bahaushe gaba dayanta na cikin Musulunci.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Wakilcin Bahaushe a Hanyoyin Sadarwa na Zamani</b><br />Bari in rufe wannan dan gajeren jawabin nawa da waigen jigon wannan taron – wakilincin al’adun Hausawa da addini a Finafinan Hausa, ko da yake masana zasu yi magana a kan wannan nan ba da dadewa ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Fim wata hanya ce ta haskaka al’umma a da ko kuma a yanzu. Babban makasudin yin fim shine jawo hankalin jama’a ga wadansu abubuwa da ke gudana a rayuwar zahiri, da yin kalubale ga dorewar wadannan abubuwan. A takaice, idan mutum ya ce zai yi fim, yana da niyya ya wayar da <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> jama ta yadda zai isar a sakonsa ta hanyar jawo hankalinsu ga lura da muhimancin sakonninsa. Wannan shine manufar yin fim daga wadanda suka kirkiro sana’ar, ba wai manufar fim daga yadda ‘yan sana’ar na kasar Hausa suka dauka ba – domin sau da yawa a cikin hira da ake yi da ‘yan san’ar finafinan Hausa sun ce ba don fadakarwa suke yin fim ba, sai don neman kudi.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan babu aibu, domin in dai za a bi inganttacciyar hanya a nemi kudi, yana da kyau. Amma babban sabani a nan shi ne makasudin neman kudin. Rini, misali, shi ma sana’a ce, kamar fim. Amma babu marinin da zai ce da kai yana rini ne domin ya wakilci Hausawa. Haka ma duk makeri, ko manomi, ko mai sayar da yaduka, da sauransu. Inda fim ya bambanta, kuma a ka saka ido a kai, shine ikirarin wakilcin rayuwar wadansu mutane da a ke yi ta hanyarsa. Idan da fim bai zamanto hanyar wakiltar Hausawa ba ne, to da babu wanda zai damu da sana’ar, kamar yadda a yanzu ba zaka taba jin an yi wata bita a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> sayar da tsire ba!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Tari da yawa in ana takaddama tsakanin jama’ar gari, manazarta da ‘yan fim, kowa maganar wakilcin al’adar Hausawa yake yi. Abin da ya kawo wannan kuwa saboda kowa na fassara al’ada yadda ya fahimce ta. Ina fata daga yau an sami wani abin kalubale a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> rabe-raben da ke tsakanin <b style=""><i style="">dabi’a</i></b>, <b style=""><i style="">tada</i></b>, da kuma <b style=""><i style="">al’ada</i></b>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Babban abin da ya jawo dalilin damuwa da wakilcin Bahaushe a sigar finafinan ba wani abu bane illa ganin cewa da harshen <b style="">Hausa</b> a ke wadannan finafinan. Yin amfani da harshen Hausa ya nunawa mai kallo cewa rayuwar Hausawa a ke haskakawa, kuma a ke wakilta. Ganin haka ya sa dole masu harshen su nuna damuwarsu in su a ganinsu ba a wakilce su daidai a wani fim ba. Tari da yawa kalubalen ba ya ga dabi’a, ko canja sigar tada; yana ga al’ada, wanda ya shafi tarbiyya. Ba za a samu ci gaba ba dole sai an zauna an yarda da ma’anar al’ada ta yadda kowa zai gamsu. Abin mamakin shine sauran al’ummatan da ke haskaka rayuwarsu ta hanyar fim, kamar Yarabawa da Ibo, basu da wannan takaddarmar; hasali ma yaba musu a ke yi a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> yadda kullum a finafinansu suke daukaka tadodinsu da al’adunsu. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Kamar yadda na ce, kalubalen ba ya ga canjin dabi’a ko tada. Idan mutum ya zauna a tebur ya ci abinci, ba wai ya bar rayuwar Bahaushe bane, shi kansa a zauna a gini mai kusurwa hudu ba na Bahaushe bane, ara ya yi daga wajen Larabawa. Idan Bahaushe ya ci cek a fim ba wai ya nuna Turanci ba ne, ai yana da <i style="">gireba</i>, wacce ita ma cek ce, amma daga wajen Larabawa ya aro, sai dai kawai a ce yin amfani da girebar ya fi a yi amfani da cek din, domin a inganta ita girebar, tun ma ba ga wadanda basu santa ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Idan an ce babban mutum a fim bai sa babbar <st1:city st="on">riga</st1:city> ba, ai wannan ba aibu bane, ita kanta babbar rigar ba ta Bauhaushe ba ce, aro ta a ka yi daga wajen mutanen kasar da yanzu a ke kira <st1:place st="on">Western Sahara</st1:place> (wani yanayi na Buzaye). Idan an ce Bahaushe na cin abinci da cokali, wannan ba wani abu bane; da da hannu yake cin abinci, da ya samu cokali daga wajen Azbinawa ya ga ya fi tsabta ya ci abinsa da wannan cokalin. Kazalika nuna mutane a manyan motoci ba wai nuna bijirewar Bahaushe bane – da jaki da mota duk daya ne a rayuwar Bahaushe domin duk abubuwar hawa ne da aka aro su, amfani da kowanne ya danganta ga tatttalin arzikin mutum. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Duk wadannan ba sune tushen kalubalen wakilcin al’adar Bahaushe ba. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bari</st1:city></st1:place> mu ga wadansu misalan keta wakilcin al’adar Bahaushe bisa wannan ma’aunin. <span style=""> </span>Misali, mutum ya mari sarikinsa. A wannan babu ladabi, biyayya, kara, karamci, dattaku, ko da kuwa shi sirikin shi ya jawo a mare shi. Keta al’ada ne ‘ya ta ce da mahaifinta, “kayi kukan jini ma”, saboda an nuna rashin ladabi. Keta al’ada ne a nuna mutum da iyayensa suna zaune duk a kujera, sabanin shi ya zauna a kasa, domin in ya yi sahu da su ba a lokacin sallah ba, to ya nuna rashin ladabin Bahaushe. <span style=""> </span>Idan a ka nuna basarake da rawaninsa yana rawa a cikin mata, wannan ya keta al’adar Bahaushe, domin ya nuna wannan basaraken ya zubar da mutuncinsa, ko da yana haka a cikin gidansa tsakanin shi da matansa, wannan ba haka yake a cikin jama’ar da sarautarsa ke wakilta ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan babu maganar wani zamani, ci gaba, rage duhun kai na Bahaushe da sauransu domin wai a canja al’adar Bahaushe a zamanantar da shi. Rashin nuna kyakkyawar tarbiyar basa daga cikin al’adar Bahaushe. Za a iya nuna rashin al’ada a gidan kara (wanda shine orijina na Bahaushe), sannan kuma a nuna tsabagen al’ada a katafaren gidan zamani. Saboda haka keta al’ada ko kuma nuna al’ada bai tsaya ga gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, motoci, kayan zamani da sauransu ba. Inganta sinadarin mu’amala na tarbiyya shine al’ada. In a fim a inganta wadannan, to an wakili Hausa da Musulunci. In kuwa ba a yi ta, to a wakilci Hausa da Musulunci ba. A wannan ne babban kalubalen ke gaban mu – yadda za a kiyaye al’adun da muke tinkaho da su a zamanance.</p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> H.A.S. Johnson, <i style="">The Fulani Empire of Sokoto</i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, 1967, p. 4-6. Sannan kuma a duba Abdullahi Mahdi, <i style="">The Hausa Factor in West African History</i>. ABU Press, 1978. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Abdullahi Smith, “Some consideration relating to the formation of States in Hausa-land”. <i style="">Journal of the Historical Society of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>, Vol V No 1, December 1970, p. 331. </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> G.R. Niven, <i style="">A Short History of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Longman</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place>, 1971, p. 39. </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> H. R. Palmer, Sudanese Memoirs, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, Frank Cass, 1928, p. 95.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ibid.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Neil S. Skinner, “The Origin of the name Hausa”, <st1:place st="on"><i style="">Africa</i></st1:place>, 1968,Vol XXXVII, No 3, p. 256.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Muhammad Sani Ibrahim, Muhammad Sani Ibrahim, <i style="">Dangantakar Al’ada da Addini: Tasirin Musulunci Kan Rayuwar Hausawa Ta Gargajya</i>. M.A. Thesis, Department of Nigerian Languages, April 1982, p. 94. </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Aliyu Abubakar, <i style="">Al Thakafatul Arabiyyati Fi Naijiriya: Min Aam 1750 ilaa 1960. </i>Arabic Literature in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place>: From 1750 to 1960. PhD thesis, ABU Zaria, 1972. pp 371-469; wanda a ka sarrafa a mtsayin Aliyu Abubakar, <i style="">The Arabic Culture in Nigeria</i>, Beirut, Lebanon, AbdulHafiz Al-Bassid, 1972. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Domin karin bayani, a duba Muhammad Sani Ibrahim, “Are-aren kalmomi cikin Hausa”, in Yahaya, I.Y. and Rufa’i, A. (eds) <i style="">Studies in Hausa Language, Literature and Culture</i>, The First Hausa International Conference. Center for the Study of Nigerian Languages, <st1:placename st="on">Bayero</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place>, 1978, pp 94-116; Neil Skinner, “Loans in Hausa and Pre-Hausa: Some Etymologies” <i style="">Berliner Afrikanistische Vortrage</i> 21 (1980) 169-202; Joseph Greenberg, “Linguistic Evidence for the Influence of Kanuri on the Hausa”, <i style="">Journal of African History</i> 1:2 (1960).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. <i>Mutumin Kirki: The Concept of the Good Man in Hausa</i>. The Third Annual Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture,<span style=""> </span>prepared by the African Studies Program, Indian university, Bloomington, Indiana, 1974. The lecture itself was delivered on April 11 1973.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Habib Alhassan, Usman Ibrahim Musa, Rabi’u Mohammed Zarruk, <i style="">Zaman Hausawa</i>. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place>, Islamic Publications Bureau, 1982, 1988. <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Duba hira da a ka yi da Sani Dan Indo, mai kidan kuntigi, a cikin, Annur, Vol 1, August 2001, shafi na 48.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Don samun<span style=""> </span>karin bayani a <st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state> matsayin maroka a kasar Hausa kafin ‘yanci daga mulkin mallaka na Turawan Ingila, a dubi makalar M.G. Smith, “The Social Functions and Meaning of hausa Praise-Singing”, a <st1:place st="on"><i style="">Africa</i></st1:place>, Vol 27, 1957, shafuka na 26-44.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Misali, a dubi hirar da a ka yi da Najja’atu Abubakar, ‘yar jihar Kogi, tauraruwar fim din <i style="">Zabari</i>, a mujallar <i style="">FIM</i>, Afrilu, 2005, shafi na 17, “<st1:place st="on">Neman</st1:place> kudi na zo, ba fadakarwa ba”.</p> </div> </div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-92231889019828929992008-09-25T05:07:00.006+01:002008-09-25T05:16:06.180+01:00<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:16;">`Hausa da Hausanci a Karni na 21 – Kalubale da Madosa<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu (<a href="mailto:auadamu@gmail.com">auadamu@gmail.com</a>) </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Chairman, Center for Hausa Cultural Studies</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Being a paper presented at one-day sensitization meeting <b style="">of Hausa Motion Arts Stakeholders</b> on <b style="">Wakilcin Al’adu da Addini a Finafinan Hausa</b>, held on Saturday 2nd April 2005 at the Murtala Muhammad Library, and organized by the Directorate of A Daidata Sahu, Kano<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Gabatarwa</b><br />A duk fadin kasar nan, babu al’ummar da ta fi ta Hausawa samun kalubale a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> salsalarta da rayuwarta. Ba wani abu ne ya janyo haka ba illa albarkar da Allah Ya yi wa Hausa da Hausanci, ya zamanto ko kaka mutum wanda ba Bahaushe ne ba ya yi gogayya da Hausawa, ya iya Hausa, to shi kam zai dauki kansa ne a matsayin Bahaushe. Wannan ya saba da yadda shi Bahaushen ya <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> dauki kansa, domin komai jimawar da ya yi a wani wuri, to shi har abada a matsayin Bahaushe zai dauki kansa, ba dan mazauna wurin ba. Abin da ya janyo haka kuwa shine ganin yadda kasar Hausa ta zama dadaddiyar cibiyar ciniki tsakanin bakaken fatan Afrika na <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Sudan</st1:country-region></st1:place> da kuma Larabawa, wanda ya sa kasar Hausa ta zama wajen zaman mutane da kabilu da yawa domin cinikayya. Su kansu Hausawan ba mazauna waje daya bane; daga <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place> zuwa Gwanja, zuwa Salo da Kamaru da Kwango, duk babu inda Hausawa basu ratsa sun kafa sansani ba. Amma tushen su kasar Hausa domin nan suke dawowa, komai dogon zangon su. A dawowar ne suka dawowa da sababban abubuwa na dabi’u da tadodin al’ummatan da suka hadu da su, suke narkar da wadannan su zama nasu, har ma ta kai a dinga kokwanton ko a kwai Bahaushe na asali. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma Hausa (yaren), Hausawa (masu yaren) da kuma Hausanci (akidar masu yaren) sun samu wani babban kalubale a wannan karni na 21 da muka shigo, ba don komai ba sai don ganin yadda igiyar sauyin halayen al’umma suka shafi gundarin rayuwar Bahaushe. Wannan igiyar kuwa ta taho ne da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani wanda sukan kawo mana salo da yanayin rayuwar wadansu al’ummatai na duniya wadanda wani lokaci muka ga kamar akwai kamanceceniya a salon rayuwarsu da namu. A kokarin kwaikwayon wadannan al’ummatan ne ake samun babban kalubale a rayuwar Bahause ta zamani ta hanyar finafinai, domin wannan ita ce babbar hanyar da ake haskaka rayuwar al’ummatai kuma a`ke wakiltarsu. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Bugu da kari, nazarin Hausanci sai ya bambanata da nazarin rayuwar al’ummatai (Anthropology) ta yadda kusan kullum an fi karkata ga <b style=""><i style="">yaren</i></b> Bahaushe, maimakon sauran fannonin na rayuwarsa. Sannan kuma ko a nazarin zamantakewarsa, an fi damuwa da haihuwa, rayuwa, mutuwa da bukukuwansa, watau tadodinsa, amma ba akidarsa, watau al’adarsa ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan jagoran bayanin, zan yi kokarin in fayyace salsalar Bahaushe da kuma fito da gundarin akidarsa domin fahimtar yadda Bahause yake, da kuma yadda yakamata a wakilce shi ta kowacce hanya in ana son a yi masa adalci. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" ><br /></span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Bahaushe, Daga Ina Haka?</b><br />Babban abin da za a fara tambaya a nan shine, wai shin wanene Bahaushe? Wannan tambayar tana da ban mamaki domin ganin cewa babu wata kabila da ake tantamar salsalarta a Nijeriya. Misali, idan aka ce Yarabawa, an san wadanda a ke nufi. Amma da zarar ka ce Hausawa, sai a fara musu domin ana ganin yawan gaurayar al’ummatai, da kuma iya yaren Hausa na mutane da yawa ya sa bama za a iya cewa ga Bahaushe ba. Wannan tunani ya karfafu a bisa nazarin wani mai nazarin Harshe da ake kira Joseph Greenberg, wanda ya rasu a Amirka ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2001 yana dan shekara 85. A turbar nazarin da ya gina, Greenberg ya jagoranci ra’ayin cewa babu wata kabila Hausawa, domin su kansu Hausawan, a wajensu <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa” tana nufin yare – misali zaka ji mutum ya ce “bana jin Hausar wancan mutumin” – watau a nan, Hausa yare ce kenan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma kusan kowannen Bahaushe zaka ji ya ce da kai ai shi ainihin iyayensa Fulani ne, Buzayene, Barebari ne, da dai sauransu. Amma kuma in ka tambaye shi ko yana jin wancan yaren na wadannan mutanen, sai ya ce da kai baya ji. Wannan shi ke dada dagula Hausa da Hausanci, a rasa ma wai shin wanene Bahaushen. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wani hasashen an danganta samun kabilar Hausawa da auratayyar al’ummatai daga Afrika ta Arewa inda zaunannun wadannan wurare suka gauraya da buzaye, sannan aka samu Hausawa. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne a tsakanin 1050 da 1100.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Amma kuma wani manzarcin ya kalubalanci wannan hasahen inda ya ce babu wata tabbatacciyar hujja da ta nuna samun Hausawa bisa wannan auratayyar al’ummatan. A ganin wannan manazarcin, in an ce “Kasar Hausa” to ana nufin yankin da ake magana da yaren “Hausa”, ba wai wata kabila ba.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sauran ra’ayin manazarta suma sun ginu ne a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> wannan ra’ayin. Ta haka, misali, Niven ya ce <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa” asalinta ta Buzaye ce, domin da wannan sunan suke kiran duk wanda ya fito daga arewancin kogin Kwara.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A wannan nazarin, Hausa kalma ce wadda Buzaye ke kiran duk bakar fatar da ke inda Larabawa ke kira <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Sudan</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Abin mamaki, ita wannan kalmar ma tana nufin mutanen Abyssinia, watau Habasha, wanda wannan ya kawo hasashen cewa Hausawa daga Habasha suke; yanzu kam mun gane cewa kiran Hausawa da Hausa, da kuma kiran Habashawa da Hausa, duk aikin Buzaye ne.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sannan kuma yin amfani da kalmar ma kaskanci ne na wariyar launin fatan da Buzaye ke yi wa duk wani baKi. Misali, tunda Hausa tana nufin Bahaushe da kuma Bahabashe, sai a ka samu wata danganta ta yadda a harshen Habashanci, “habshi” na nufin haushin kare. Saboda haka a wajen Buzayen wancan lokacin, duk wanda ke magana da wadannan yarurrikan to Bahabshi ko Bahaushe ne.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A takaice dai an daidata furucin Hausa da <i style="">haushin kare</i>, wanda kuma su Hausawa suna yin haka ga wadansu kabilun inda in mutum baya jin Hausa, sai su ce, “bagware ne”. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Skinner kuwa cewa yayi <st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city> “Hausa” ta fito daga mutanen Songhai (inda <st1:country-region st="on">Mali</st1:country-region> take yanzu) ne, domin sune suke kiran duk kauyukan da ke gabas da su <i style="">hausa</i> ko <i style="">aussa</i>, daga nan ne su “Hausawan” suka ari wannan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> suke kiran kansu da ita<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> – watau kafin wannan basu da wani suna da suke kiran kansu!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma manzartan tarihin kasashen Larabawa sun ziyarci kasar Hausa amma duk a rubutunsu, basu ambaci <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa ba” a matsayi sunan kabilun da suka hadu da su. Marubuta kamar su Leo Africanus wanda ya ziyarci kasar Hausa wajen karni daga 1513 zuwa 1515, bai ambaci mutanen da sunan Hausawa ba, sai dai ya ce “Mutanen <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place>”, “Mutanen Katsina”, da sauransu. Yarensu kuma sai ya ce suna magana da yaren “Mutanen Gobir”. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan ya nuna cewa jimlar <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kalmar</st1:city></st1:place> “Hausa” a matsayin nuni ga wata kabila sabon abu ne wanda bai wuce shekaru 400 ba. Amma kuma akwai daulolin Hausawa da masarautun Hausawa da ake magana da <i style="">harshen</i> Hausa fiye da shekaru 1000 da suka wuce. Idan haka ne, ashe Hausanci ba a yaren ya tsaya ba, akwai kabila wacce take da salsala. Makala suna “Hausawa” a matayin masu magana da yaren “Hausa” abu ne wanda wadansu suka yi wa Hausawan, amma basu Hausawan da kansu ba, kamar yadda Hausawa ke cewa da kabilar Igbo, “Inyamurai”, wanda kuma ba haka su Igbo suka kiran kansu ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka ko da lokacin da Leo Africanus ya zo <st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city>, daular <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place> ta yi fiye da shekaru 500 da kafuwa, kuma da Hausa ake tafiyar da ita. Ashe Hausanci ba yare ne ba, akwai kabila Hausa. A nan nafi karkata ga Muhammad Sani Ibrahim inda ya ce, Hausa suna ne da yake da ma’anar Harshe, da mutanen da suke magana da shi, da kuma kasar da ake magana da shi.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka sai mu koma tambayar farko, shin wanene Bahaushe? Amsar a nan ita ce duk wanda salsalarsa babu wani yaren iyaye sai Hausa, to shi ne Bahaushe. Idan a jerin iyaye da kakanni akwai wanda ba Bahaushe bane, to kai ma ba Bahaushe bane. Na aro wannan ma’aunin bisa cewa Hausanci kirar halitta ce, ba lafazi ba. Misali, a kasar Turawa, in a cikin iyaye da kakanninka akwai bakar fata, to ko kafi madara fari a matsayin bakar fata kake. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan ma’aunin, babu maganar zama a wata al’umma da kuma sanin yarenta, domin ka zama dan wannan al’ummar (a nan, kabilar). Misali, duk iya larabcin bakar fatan da ya zauna a garin Maka, ba za a taba kiransa Balarabe ba, ba wai kawai don akwai banbancin tsakakin fatar Balarabe na aihini da bakar fata, ba, a’a, kawai ba Balarabe bane, kuma shi ma ya san haka. Haka duk iya Turancin bakar fata a Ingila ba za kira shi Ingilishi ba, sai dai dan kasar Ingila, domin Ingilishi (English) kabilace a Ingila tare da Sikotawa (Scottish), Irishawa (Irish) da kuma Welshawa (Welsh), kuma duk wadannan Turawa ne, farar fata; babu baki a cikinsu. Su kansu a Ingila din, zaka ji mutum na alfahari da kabilarsa – misali, duk da cewa shi fari ne, amma zai ce maka shi Ba’Irishe ne, ba Ingilishi ba. Saboda haka kamar Hausa, in ka ce <i style="">English</i> to ana nufin yaren da kuma Kabilar. Ta haka za a bambanta cewa “wannan mutumin <i style="">British</i> ne, amma fa dan kabilar Welshawa ne”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bari</st1:city></st1:place> in dawo gida. Idan, misali wani Bayarabe da matarsa suka bar kasar Yarabawa fiye da shekaru 100 da suka wuce, suka yada zango a wata unguwa a <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place> suka yi zuri’a, to komai nisan zuri’ar da wadannan iyayen zuri’a, duk a Yarabawa suke. Halin zamantakewar su zai iya sa wadanda aka <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">haifa</st1:city></st1:place> daga baya basu ma san yaren iyayen nasu na asali ba, sai Hausa. Duk da haka, Yarabawa ne, domin salsalarsu ce. Idan dole sai an dangantasu da Hausa, to a iya kiransu abin da na kirkiro da <b style=""><i style="">Hausawan Zamantakewa</i></b>. Amma ba Hausawa bane, domin Hausa ta wuce yare, kabila ce, tare da al’adunta na musamman, da kuma dabi’o’inta. Mutum zai iya rungumar wadannan domin ya zama Bahaushen Zamantakewa, amma ba zai zama Bahaushe ba, kamar yadda mutum zai iya karbar rayuwar Larabawa domin ya zama dan, misali, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Dubai</st1:city></st1:place>, amma ba zai taba zama Balarabe ba in ba shi ba ne.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Idan iyayen salsar sun ki su koyawa zuri’ar su yaren su domin suna son su bace su zama Hausawa (ko kuma mazaunan inda suka sami kansu), wannan ruwansu, amma wannan ba zai kankare musu Yarabancin ba. Mu danganta da cewa komai dadewar Bahaushe a Shagamu, ba zai taba tsammanin shi Bayarabe ne ba. Ta haka za a ga Hausawan Kamaru da Gana da Kwango, misali, wadansu basa jin Hausar sosai, ko kuma suna yin Hausar wata iri, amma kowanne daga cikinsu zai danganta salsalarsa da wani gari a kasar Hausa. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan yana daga cikin ban mamakin albarkar da Allah ya yi wa Hausa da Hausawa – kullum wadanda ba Hausawa sai so suke a dauke su a matsayin Hausawa, duk da cewa suna da tasu kabilar – da akidodin – wacce ya kamata su daukaka.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Dabi’a, Tada (Gargajiya) da kuma Al’adar Bahaushe</b><br />Tari da yawa in an yi maganar “al’adar Bahaushe” ana maganar dabi’u da tadar Bahaushe ne. Babban abin da ke kawo wannan muhawar shine ganin yadda kusan duk nazarin da ake yi wa Hausawa, ana yi ne daga turbar harshe, ba daga turbar mu’amala da tarbiyya ba. Wannan ya saba da yadda manazartar rayuwar al’umma ke nazarin sauran al’ummatan. Kuma kasancewa masu nazarin Hausawa na farko-farko sun yi daga wannan kusurwar ta nazarin harshe, sai aka ci gaba da wannan turbar. Ina mai fatan bude wata hanyar nazarin rayuwar Bahause a bisa alkiblar nazarin rayuwar dan Adam ba kawai ta harshe ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Hanya ta farko ta barin waccan kusurwar nazarin ita ce bambanta <b style=""><i style="">dabi’ar Hausawa</i></b>, <b style=""><i style="">tada (ko gargajiyar) Hausawa</i></b>, da kuma <b style=""><i style="">al’adar Hausawa</i></b>. Wadannan rukunayen rayuwa dole a bambantasu kamar yadda masu nazarin salsalar al’umma (Anthropologists) suke yi wa sauran al’ummatan. Domin a samu kyakkyawar fahimta, dabi’a dai ita ce, <i style="">social behavior</i>; tada ko gargajiya kuma, <i style="">customs and traditions</i>; sannan al’ada kuma <i style="">mores and midsets</i>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";" >A bisa wannan ma’unin, </span>dabi’a tana nufin <b style=""><i style="">yanayin zaman mutum</i></b>, tada da gargajiya kuma na nufin yanayin da aka gada kaka da kakanni, wanda zai iya bambanta da yanayin zaman mutum a yanzu, ko kuma halin da mutum ya samu kansa. Al’ada kuma tana nufin <b style=""><i style="">sinadarin mu’amalar mutum</i>, </b>ko kuma<b style=""> <i style="">tarbiyyarsa</i></b>. Al’ada a gaba take da dabi’a, kuma zata iya jagoranta. Idan an ce mutum ba shi da al’ada mai kyau, ana nufin bashi da tarbiyya mai kyau, domin al’adar ko tarbiyyar sune suke gina shi a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> fasalin <b style=""><i style="">mutumin kirki</i></b>, ko kuma “dan asali”. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Za a iya aron dabi’a da ma gargajiya, amma ba za a iya aron al’ada ba, domin ita al’ada tana tattare da ruhin mai ita; bayan dabi’a kuwa ta <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> canza bisa yadda yanayin zama yakama; kai har ma aron ta ake yi, amma ba za a taba aron al’ada ba. Saboda haka za iya aron abubuwan sarrafa dabi’a, a gyarasu, a canza su, in kuma an gaji da su a zubar da su. Amma ba a aron al’ada domin ita al’ada tana like ne da ruhin mai ita a matsayin sinadari. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A duk inda ake nazarin zamantakewar Bahaushe, dole sai ka ji ana ta cakuda wadanan rukunayen zaman mutum -- dabi’a, tada, da kuma al’ada. Wani lokaci in an ce al’ada, to ana nufin dabi’a; sannan kuma in an yi maganar dabi’a, saka ji lallai ba al’ada ake magana ba, ana maganar tada ne. Ya zama wajibi a bambanta kowanne da kawo bayanai da hujjoji domin su tallafawa bayanin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Dabi’a da Zamanancin Bahaushe</b><br />Duk da na ganin kamar Bahaushe bagidaje ne, bana jin akwai kabilar da ta fi Bahaushe rungumar zamanin da ya sami kansa. Wannan ba zai zama abin mamaki ba domin kasar Hausa dadaddiyar matattara al’ummatai ce. Su kansu Hausawan ba mazauna ne ba, akwai su da yaron kasuwanci da fatauci. Ta haka sukan ci karo da abubuwa baki da yawa, daga yare da are-aren kalmomi, zuwa ire-iren abinci da kuma tufafi, kai har da ma sigar gine-gine. A duk lokacin da Bahaushe ya ci karo da wani abu sabo, dan-da-nan yake karbarsa, in har ya yi daidai da abin da saba da shi. Idan kuwa bai daidata sahu da rayuwarsa ba, to bijire masa yake yi, komai kyaun sa. A bisa wannan tarihi na Bahaushe, babu wanda ya fi Bahaushe karbar zamani.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ta wannan hanyar, da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da muke amfani da su, wadanda ake ganin kamar aro ne, duk na sarrafa dabi’a ne, kuma da yawa na aron ne. Misali, Bahaushe bai san ya yi gini da kusurwa hudu ba, sai da ya hadu da Larabawa. Kafin wannan lokacin Bahaushe bai san tubali ba, a wajen Larabawan ya gani. Amma ya karbi gini da tubali, daga baya da sauyin zamani ya zo, ya ke amfani da bulo, da farko da na kasa, daga baya ya koma na siminti. Wannan canjin yana nuna canjin dabi’ar Bahause ta gini, wanda dama da aro ya fara shi. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Haka kafin haduwar Bahaushe da Larabawa, abincinsa kusan kayyadadde ne – dambu, tuwo, zogale, dan wake, da sauransu. Haduwa da Larabawa ya canza dabi’ar cin abinsa ya fara cin gurasa, alkubus, algaragis, da sauransu. Yau in ya ce ya daina cin dambu – ra’ayi ne, ba Hausanci ba, domin takan yiwu a haifi Bahaushe a kasar da babu dambu ko kuma kayan sarrafa shi, kamar a ce Australiya – shike nan kuma sai a ce ba Bahaushe bane don ba ya cin dambu?</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan kuma babban abin da ya kawo ake ganin kamar ma babu wata kabila Hausawa, kuma Hausanci ai yarene, ba wani abu bane illa ganin yadda tabbas kam Bahaushe na da saurin aron abubuwa. Kusan duk abin da aka ga Bahaushe ya ara, to yayi ne a matsayin makami domin hulda da wadanda ya ara daga wajensu; kuma in abin bai yi masa ba, zubar da shi zai yi; in kuma ya yi masa, zai narkar da shi ya zama nasa, ta yadda ko shi kansa wanda ya bawa Bahaushe aron abin, ba zai iya gane shi ba. Amma duk abin da ya ara, abin sarrafawa ne – daga tufafi, zuwa dabarun dafa abinci, zuwa ire-iren abinci, kuma zuwa kalmomi. Duk wadannan an aro su, ana kuma amfani da su, kuma in basu dace da al’ada ba, to zubar da su ake yi ta yin Allah-wadai da su. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Babu inda Bahause ya nuna gwanintarsa ta aron abubuwa suka zama masarrafai gare shi kamar harshe. Bincike ya nuna cewa har ya zuwa 1960 kusan kashi 20 daga 100 na kalmomin Hausa da Fulanci daga Larabci suke.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sannan kuma daga 1960 zuwa yanzu, an samu karin wadansu kalmomin da Bahaushe ya ara a cikin Larabci yadda abin zai kai kusan kashi 40 ko fiye daga cikin dari daga kalmomin da aka ara. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sannan sauran yararraki sun shigo cikin Hausa sosai ta yadda Bahaushe ya ari abubuwansu ya mayar nasa. Amma kusan duk abin da aka ga Bahaushe ya ara, to kamar yadda na ce, abin sarrafawa ne, ba tsarin mu’amala ba. Misalai daga cikin yararrakin da Bahaushe ya ci karo da su, sannan kuma ya ari kalmominsu sun hada da Azbinanci, Fullatanci, Barbanci, da Nufanci. Ga jadawalin da ya nuna misalai daga cikin wadannan are-aren kalmomin daga wadansu yararrakin cikin Hausa:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Jadawali na 1: Are-Aren Kalmomi a Cikin Hausa</b><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[9]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p><br /></o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 276.35pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="368"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Azbinanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.85pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Fullatanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ayaran<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ayari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Allah seini<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alasaini (pl)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takarde<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takarda<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">All reini<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alaraini (pr)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takoba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takobi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Allah sabbi nane<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alasubbinani (h)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">cokal<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">cokali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kindirmu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kindirmo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kanwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kanwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bukkaro<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bukka<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ejaq<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">jaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burtol<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burtali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">aurak<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">auraki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">jalloru<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">jallo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">akala<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">akala<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burugal<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">burugali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">azurf<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">azurfa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">baff<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">baffa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mamaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mamaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kawu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kawu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ashiq<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ice<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">goggo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gwaggo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tindi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">turmi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ndottijo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">dattijo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sabro<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sauro<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ndottaku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">dattaku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alabe<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">wallet<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Yallaboi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">amale<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">rakum<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">hobboje<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">takobi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mura<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">mura<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Talaka<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Tattabara<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tozali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">teku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">teku<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Kalma</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Fahimta</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Alaka</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Jadawali</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:10;color:black;" >Kuduri</span></strong><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="61"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(64, 64, 64) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 14.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="20"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 403.65pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="538"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Barbanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.1pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Yarbanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.45pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="154"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Nufanci</span></b><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kasugu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kasuwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">paki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Kwaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gulu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ungulu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tubo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">turba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">pano<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwano<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gbamgba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">agwagwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sango<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">sango<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">agogo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">agogo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kplaba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwalba<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">fure<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">fure<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">apoti<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">akwati<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">iyelye<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">alele<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tambari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">tambari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gele<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gyale<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bente<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">bante<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">algaita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">algaita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">fshana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ashana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ganga<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ganga<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">dokita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">likita<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">birni<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">birni<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">patapata<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwata-kwata<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">goyi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gwani<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">pali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">kwali<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Ungowar zoma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">gangan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">ganga<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Karuwa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >mangul<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >sirdi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >yarima<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >rubutu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >maina<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Alaramma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Birni<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Ciroma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Ingarma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:10;" >Kaigama<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">yarima<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="103"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">yarima<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(99, 99, 99) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(140, 140, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 15.6pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="21"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="69"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="85"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Shi kansa Turanci da ake ganin kamar yaren wadansu kebabbu ne, bai samu ci gaba ba sai da ya ari kalmomi da yawa daga cikin yaren al’ummatan da Turawa suke hulda da su; domin Turawa, kamar Hausawa, ba zaune suke ba, a kwai su da yawo da kuma karbar sabon abu. Misali daga cikin al’ummatan da Turawa suka ari kalmominsu domin gina Turanci na jadawali na kasa. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Jadawali na 2: Are-Aren Cikin Turanci</b><o:p><br /></o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 257.2pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="343"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Turkish<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;">Egypt</span></i></b></st1:country-region></st1:place><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;">Arab<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i><span style="font-size:10;">Indian<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Mammoth<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Pharaoh</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Alcohol<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Bungalow<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span style="font-size:10;">Turkey</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Gum</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Hazard<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Dam (n)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Vampire<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ebony</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Cable<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Coach<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Oasis</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Sugar<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size:10;">Malaysian<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Kiosk<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ivory</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Racket<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Amok<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Girl <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ammonia</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Mattress<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Ketchup<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Beer <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Embark</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Magazine<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Launch<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Book <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Algebra<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Gong <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">King<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.9in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;">Alcove<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka ashe aro ba wani bakon abu ne a cikin dabi’ar Bahaushe, kuma tunda aron da yake yi yana tafiya da yadda ya samu kansa, dole a yarda Bahaushe na tafiya da zamani, ba wai bagidaje ne ba. Misali, cin abinci da hannun hagu da cokali mai yatsu,<span style=";font-family:";" > </span>dabi’ar Banasare ce. Cin abinci da tsinkaye guda biyu dabi’ar Canis ce. Duk wadannan da kyar zaka raba su da wadannan dabi’un. Amma zaman Bahaushe a Hon Kon zai iya sa ya ari dabi’ar cin abinci da tsinkaye, domin yana ganin zai iya, ko kuma yana sha’awa. Wannan ba zai sa ya zama Canis ba, amma za a iya cewa ya bar tasa dabi’ar (ta cin abinci da hannu, domin ko cin abinci da cokali ma ba dabi’ar Bahaushe ba ne, don cokalin aro shi ya yi daga wajen Azbinawa), ya ari ta Canis, domin a wannan aron, babu yadda zai nasabanta shi da rayuwarsa. Amma kuma a wani misalin, babbar <st1:city st="on">riga</st1:city> ba tufafin Bahaushe bane, amma yanzu babu Bahaushen da zai yarda babbar <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">riga</st1:city></st1:place> ba tasa ba ce saboda yadda ta dace da tsarin dabi’ar rayuwarsa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Tada ko Gargajiya da Zamanancin Bahaushe</b><br />Tada, gargajiya, ko kuma <i style="">customs and practices</i>, tsare-tsaren rayuwar Bahaushe ne da ya gada kaka da kakanni. Da Musulunci ya zo, sai ya kawar da wadansu, kamar tsafi da bautar gumaka, da shan giya da zina, da sauransu, ya kuma kyale wadansu domin basu yi karo da addini ba, kamar tsare-tsaren haihuwa da sauran bukukuwan da suka hada da haihuwa. Duk da cewa rayuwa wacce aka gada shekara da shekaru, ba dole ne mutum ya yarda da ita ba, domin akwai ra’ayi a wajen inganta tada. Misali, matan Turawa basa wankan jego. Wannan sai matan Hausawa. Amma shi ma yanayi ne da kuma ra’ayi. Bahaushiyar da ke zaune a Ingila ba zata yi wankan jego ba, domin yin haka zai keta ka’idar kiwon lafiyar dan Adam a kasar. Saboda haka idan wannan Bahaushiyar ta ce ba za ta yi wankan jego ba, ba wai ta yar da tadar ta bane, kawai yanayin zamanta ba zai kyale ta ta ci gaba da wannan tadar bane. Sannan wadansu matan basu da karfin halin da zasu dinga shekawa kansu ruwan zafi, ko saboda rashin lafiya ba zasu iya wannan wankan jegon ba. Wannan ba zai fitar da su daga rukunin Hausawa ba, domin haka abin ya dauro musu. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Duk da haka, wadannan tadodin suma an yi musu kwaskwarima, tare da hadowa da na wadansu al’ummatan, a shigar da su cikin Hausa. Misali, matar da ta yi haihuwar fari tana zuwa gidansu ta ci gaba da wankan jego daga ranar suna ne. Amma Hausawa sun ari tadar Fulani ta wannan fannin na tafiya gida goyon ciki daga ciki na wata bakwai. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Yin haka ya yi daidai, domin abin duk za a ce kana da zabi a kai, ko dabi’a, ko tada, to kana da hakkin juya shi ta yadda zaka iya aiwatar da shi ta yadda kake so, ko da ya batar da surarsa ta ainihi, to dalilin yinsa na nan. Misali, kaurin jego na daga cikin tadodin Hausawa. A surarsa ta farko da kafuwan sa ake yi, a yi ganda, sannan a hada da kunun kanwa a aikawa makwabta da abokan arziki. Da tafiya ta yi tafiya, sai wannan ya canza, a ka koma yi da naman karamar dabba, daga baya a ka koma yi dabino da kuma alewa. Sigar ta canza, amma makasudin, ko kuma manufar yin kaurin, bata canza ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka in akwai wata tada ta ta sabawa Musulunci, to wannan bai kamata a daukakata ba. In kuwa bata sabawa Musulunci ba, to in dai zata amfana jama’a ta ko samar da aiki, ko karfafa zumunci, a iya daukakata, ko da an canza mata siga. A wannan, tadodin Bahaushe sun hada da tsare-tsaren rayuwarsa daga haihuwa zuwa aure, zuwa mutuwa. Kowacce kabila a duniya tana da abin da ta tanada na sarrafa wadannan nau’o’in na rayuwa. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Al’ada da Hausanci</b><br />Saboda haka da yawa daga cikin karon da a ke yi na ma’anar al’ada, ana nufin ko dabi’a, ko kuma tada. Da yawa daga masu nazarin rayuwar Bahaushe suna musayan ma’anar al’ada da kuma tada ko kuma dabi’a. Domin tunatarwa, na fassara al’ada a matsayin sindarin mu’amalar mutum, ko kuma <i style="">mores and mindsets</i>, da Turanci. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan sindarin mu’amalar shi <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> fitar da abin da za kira <b style=""><i style="">mutumin kirki</i></b>, wanda kuma halayyace, ko kuma tarbiyya. A takaice, al’ada hali ne, ba sarrafi ba. Wannan ma’aunin ya fito daga hannun masana da suka nazarci rayuwar Bahause a zamanin da ake ganin babu yawan cudanya tsakanin Hausawa da wadansu hanyoyin sadarwa da za ce sun zama rariyar daukan wadannan halayen. Kuma tun kafin zuwan Musulunci, Hausawa na da wadannan halayen – da Musulunci ya zo, ya inganta su ne. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A binciken da manazarta suka yi, an gano cewa al’adar Bahause, a bisa wannan ma’aunin na ma’anar al’ada, na tattare a sinadaran mu’ala guda 21. Wadannan sun hada da:</p> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" ><br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 314.2pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="419"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt dashed windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><b style="">Hausanci<o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: dashed dashed dashed none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><b style="">Fulatanci (Pulaaku)<o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Adalci</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Ne'ddaku (Jan Aji)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Amana </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Daraja </p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Dattako</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Ardungal (Shugabanci)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Gaskiya</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Marugo Na'i (Mallakar Shanu)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hakuri</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Endam (Kirki)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hankali</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hikima </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Juriya da jarumta</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><st1:place st="on">Kama</st1:place> sana’a</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">10.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Karamci </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">11.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kawaici</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">12.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kunya/Kara</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">13.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Ladabi</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">14.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Mua’amala </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">15.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Mutumci </p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">16.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Rashin tsegumi</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">17.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Rikon addini</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 12pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">18.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->Zumunta</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none dashed dashed none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.05pt;" valign="top" width="261"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wadannan ba sune kadai ba. Dole za a iya samun wadansu sinadiran; amma dai a wadannan masana kamar su Kirk-Greene<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> da kuma Zarruk<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> suka gina sinadarin al’adar Bahaushe da kuma Bafillace, tunda yanzu an zama daya. Saboda da haka a wannan ma’auni na su, al’adar Bahaushe ita ce al’adar <b style=""><i style="">mutumin kirki</i></b> a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Takan yiwu sauran kabilun suma suna da ire-iren wadannan, amma abin da ya fi damun mu a nan, shine yadda rayuwar Hausawa take, domin da mutum ya yi abu zaka ji an kwabe shi ana cewa, “haba, sai kace ba Bahaushe ba?” Wannan ya nuna ashe akwai ma’aunin Hausanci, ba wai kawai a tada ko dabi’a ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In an lura duk wadannan sinadirayen sun dogara ne a <b style=""><i style="">zuciyar mutum</i></b>, amma suna amfani da <b style=""><i style="">dabi’a</i></b> domin a aiwatar da su – shi yasa a ke ganin dabi’a da al’ada kamar daya ne. Misali, <b style=""><i style="">mutumci</i></b> ne mutum ya sa tufafi masu kyau. Amma a dabi’ance, zai iya sa tufafin da suka dace da yadda ya sami kansa. Amma kuma ko da a haka ne, saka tufafin zai dogara ga shekaranusa – wanda kuma an jawo <b style=""><i style="">dattaku</i></b> ciki. Misali, idan mutum dan shekara 50 mai sha’awar kallon wasan kwallon kafa, ya saka wandon jins da T-shat ta wani dan bal, da kuma hula hana-sallah, to gani za a yi ya karya dokokin al’adar Bahause ta hanyar <b style=""><i style="">zubar da mutumcinsa</i></b>, da kuma <span style=""> </span><b style=""><i style="">rashin nuna dattaku</i></b>, duk da cewa babu wata illa ga kayan da ya sa, domin sun kare tsiracinsa, sun dace da sha’awarsa ta kallon bal, kuma duk da cewa a wata alkaryar ta Musulumi (misali, Masar), za a iya samun takwararsa ya saka wadannan kayan, kuma ya samu karbuwa. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka al’adar Bahaushe ba wai gine-ginen da ko na zamani ba ne. Ba wai iya dafa wani abincin da ko na yanzu ba ne; ba kuma saka tufafin da ko na yanzu bane. Al’adar Bahaushe yanayin hali ne wanda ya fitar da shi dabam da sauran jama’a, ya zama duk inda yake yana wakilitar duk wani mutum da za a kira Bahaushe, kuma ta wani fannin, ko da Bamaguje ne. Misali, Bahaushen da ke zaune a Ingila ba dole ne ya sa manyan kaya irin wadanda zai sa a kasar Hausa ba. Amma yana da halayyar Bahaushen da komai jimawa a kasar da yayi, za a san lallai Bahaushe ne. Saboda haka don bai sa manyan kaya ba, wannan halin zaman wurin ne ya <st1:place st="on">kama</st1:place> haka, amma sinadarin halayensa na Bahaushe suna tare da shi, sai dai ya bijire musu, ko kuma ya dakatar da su saboda wadansu dalilai.. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bari</st1:city></st1:place> in ba da misalina na karshe wanda yake da dangantaka da dalilin taruwarmu a yau. Babu abin da aka fi yawan sakashi a cikin kwandon da ba nasa ba kamar rawa da waka. Kusan duk mai yin magana a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> rawa da waka zaka ji ya ce ai al’adar Bahaushe ce. Ina da ja a nan. Rawa da waka ba al’adar Bahaushe ba ce, domin ba ta zama tilas a <st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state> kowanne Bahaushe ba, sabanin halayyar al’ada, wadanda suka wajaba a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> duk wanda ke da ikirarin shi Bahaushe ne. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Idan aka bi ma’aunin gwajin al’ada, to tabbas rawa da waka ba al’dar Bahaushe bane. Hasali ma dai yinsu na runa kusan rashin duk jerin ayoyin tarbiyyar da aka gina al’adar Bahaushe da su. Rawa da waka sana’a ne, saboda haka tadodi ne. Kuma ko a sana’ance, suna da da muhallinsu; ta wani fannin ma gadonsu ake yi, ba shigege ba. Bugu da kari a rayuwar Bahaushe, mawaka da makada an dauke su a matsayin maroka. Su kansu mawakan, kamar Sani Dan Indo, suna nuna cewa basa fatan ‘ya’yansu su gaje su a wannan sana’ar ta su, duk da sun yi kudi, kuma sun yi tashe a cikinta.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ganin haka ne yasa a ke nisanta al’adar Bahaushe ta tarbiyya, da rawa da waka.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan ruwayar, rawa da waka ba su da matsayin rayuwar yau da kullum, kamar al’ada, saboda basu zama dole ba. Akwai rayuwar da za a iya yi babu rawa da waka, kuma a zauna lafiya, domin wani ma baya sonsu ko kadan. Amma babu yadda za a yi rayuwa babu, misali, ladabi, dattaku, karamci, amana, da sauransu. Ashe saboda haka rawa da waka tunda basu zama tilas a rayuwar Bahaushe ba, ba za a kirasu al’adar Bahaushe ba.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka in ka nuna mutum ya shiga bala’i, sai ya bigire da rawa da waka, to wannan ya keta al’adar Bahaushe, domin a al’adance, zai yi tawakkali ne. Haka kuma komai farin cikin da zai samu ga mutum, ba za kaga yaje wajen mahaifiyarsa yana yi mata rawa da waka ba; zai durkusa ne ya sanar da ita abin da rayuwarsa ke ciki, in har ta kai sai ya fada mata. Kuma komai soyayyar da mutum yake yiwa matarsa, babu yadda zaka ce al’adar Bahaushe ce ya dinga rera mata waka, ko don wa’azi ko don nishadi. Ita kanta in ya fara ma zata dauka ko ya haukace ne!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Amma a tadance, lokacin biki, suna ko wani taro, in mutum yana so, zai iya <st1:place st="on">tara</st1:place> makada da mawaka a cashe har gari ya waye. Wannan shi ya so. Amma a sigar zaman yau da kullum, ko su kansu da sana’arsu ce rawa da waka ba haka suke yinta ba, domin su ma ba al’adarsu ba ce.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Saboda haka daukaka al’adar Bahaushe, daukaka addinin Musulunci ne, domin al’adar Bahaushe gaba dayanta na cikin Musulunci. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Wakilcin Bahaushe a Hanyoyin Sadarwa na Zamani</b><br />Bari in rufe wannan dan gajeren jawabin nawa da waigen jigon wannan taron – wakilincin al’adun Hausawa da addini a Finafinan Hausa, ko da yake masana zasu yi magana a kan wannan nan ba da dadewa ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Fim wata hanya ce ta haskaka al’umma a da ko kuma a yanzu. Babban makasudin yin fim shine jawo hankalin jama’a ga wadansu abubuwa da ke gudana a rayuwar zahiri, da yin kalubale ga dorewar wadannan abubuwan. A takaice, idan mutum ya ce zai yi fim, yana da niyya ya wayar da <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> jama ta yadda zai isar a sakonsa ta hanyar jawo hankalinsu ga lura da muhimancin sakonninsa. Wannan shine manufar yin fim daga wadanda suka kirkiro sana’ar, ba wai manufar fim daga yadda ‘yan sana’ar na kasar Hausa suka dauka ba – domin sau da yawa a cikin hira da ake yi da ‘yan san’ar finafinan Hausa sun ce ba don fadakarwa suke yin fim ba, sai don neman kudi.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Wannan babu aibu, domin in dai za a bi inganttacciyar hanya a nemi kudi, yana da kyau. Amma babban sabani a nan shi ne makasudin neman kudin. Rini, misali, shi ma sana’a ce, kamar fim. Amma babu marinin da zai ce da kai yana rini ne domin ya wakilci Hausawa. Haka ma duk makeri, ko manomi, ko mai sayar da yaduka, da sauransu. Inda fim ya bambanta, kuma a ka saka ido a kai, shine ikirarin wakilcin rayuwar wadansu mutane da a ke yi ta hanyarsa. Idan da fim bai zamanto hanyar wakiltar Hausawa ba ne, to da babu wanda zai damu da sana’ar, kamar yadda a yanzu ba zaka taba jin an yi wata bita a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> sayar da tsire ba!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Tari da yawa in ana takaddama tsakanin jama’ar gari, manazarta da ‘yan fim, kowa maganar wakilcin al’adar Hausawa yake yi. Abin da ya kawo wannan kuwa saboda kowa na fassara al’ada yadda ya fahimce ta. Ina fata daga yau an sami wani abin kalubale a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> rabe-raben da ke tsakanin <b style=""><i style="">dabi’a</i></b>, <b style=""><i style="">tada</i></b>, da kuma <b style=""><i style="">al’ada</i></b>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Babban abin da ya jawo dalilin damuwa da wakilcin Bahaushe a sigar finafinan ba wani abu bane illa ganin cewa da harshen <b style="">Hausa</b> a ke wadannan finafinan. Yin amfani da harshen Hausa ya nunawa mai kallo cewa rayuwar Hausawa a ke haskakawa, kuma a ke wakilta. Ganin haka ya sa dole masu harshen su nuna damuwarsu in su a ganinsu ba a wakilce su daidai a wani fim ba. Tari da yawa kalubalen ba ya ga dabi’a, ko canja sigar tada; yana ga al’ada, wanda ya shafi tarbiyya. Ba za a samu ci gaba ba dole sai an zauna an yarda da ma’anar al’ada ta yadda kowa zai gamsu. Abin mamakin shine sauran al’ummatan da ke haskaka rayuwarsu ta hanyar fim, kamar Yarabawa da Ibo, basu da wannan takaddarmar; hasali ma yaba musu a ke yi a <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> yadda kullum a finafinansu suke daukaka tadodinsu da al’adunsu. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Kamar yadda na ce, kalubalen ba ya ga canjin dabi’a ko tada. Idan mutum ya zauna a tebur ya ci abinci, ba wai ya bar rayuwar Bahaushe bane, shi kansa a zauna a gini mai kusurwa hudu ba na Bahaushe bane, ara ya yi daga wajen Larabawa. Idan Bahaushe ya ci cek a fim ba wai ya nuna Turanci ba ne, ai yana da <i style="">gireba</i>, wacce ita ma cek ce, amma daga wajen Larabawa ya aro, sai dai kawai a ce yin amfani da girebar ya fi a yi amfani da cek din, domin a inganta ita girebar, tun ma ba ga wadanda basu santa ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Idan an ce babban mutum a fim bai sa babbar <st1:city st="on">riga</st1:city> ba, ai wannan ba aibu bane, ita kanta babbar rigar ba ta Bauhaushe ba ce, aro ta a ka yi daga wajen mutanen kasar da yanzu a ke kira <st1:place st="on">Western Sahara</st1:place> (wani yanayi na Buzaye). Idan an ce Bahaushe na cin abinci da cokali, wannan ba wani abu bane; da da hannu yake cin abinci, da ya samu cokali daga wajen Azbinawa ya ga ya fi tsabta ya ci abinsa da wannan cokalin. Kazalika nuna mutane a manyan motoci ba wai nuna bijirewar Bahaushe bane – da jaki da mota duk daya ne a rayuwar Bahaushe domin duk abubuwar hawa ne da aka aro su, amfani da kowanne ya danganta ga tatttalin arzikin mutum. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Duk wadannan ba sune tushen kalubalen wakilcin al’adar Bahaushe ba. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bari</st1:city></st1:place> mu ga wadansu misalan keta wakilcin al’adar Bahaushe bisa wannan ma’aunin. <span style=""> </span>Misali, mutum ya mari sarikinsa. A wannan babu ladabi, biyayya, kara, karamci, dattaku, ko da kuwa shi sirikin shi ya jawo a mare shi. Keta al’ada ne ‘ya ta ce da mahaifinta, “kayi kukan jini ma”, saboda an nuna rashin ladabi. Keta al’ada ne a nuna mutum da iyayensa suna zaune duk a kujera, sabanin shi ya zauna a kasa, domin in ya yi sahu da su ba a lokacin sallah ba, to ya nuna rashin ladabin Bahaushe. <span style=""> </span>Idan a ka nuna basarake da rawaninsa yana rawa a cikin mata, wannan ya keta al’adar Bahaushe, domin ya nuna wannan basaraken ya zubar da mutuncinsa, ko da yana haka a cikin gidansa tsakanin shi da matansa, wannan ba haka yake a cikin jama’ar da sarautarsa ke wakilta ba. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A wannan babu maganar wani zamani, ci gaba, rage duhun kai na Bahaushe da sauransu domin wai a canja al’adar Bahaushe a zamanantar da shi. Rashin nuna kyakkyawar tarbiyar basa daga cikin al’adar Bahaushe. Za a iya nuna rashin al’ada a gidan kara (wanda shine orijina na Bahaushe), sannan kuma a nuna tsabagen al’ada a katafaren gidan zamani. Saboda haka keta al’ada ko kuma nuna al’ada bai tsaya ga gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, motoci, kayan zamani da sauransu ba. Inganta sinadarin mu’amala na tarbiyya shine al’ada. In a fim a inganta wadannan, to an wakili Hausa da Musulunci. In kuwa ba a yi ta, to a wakilci Hausa da Musulunci ba. A wannan ne babban kalubalen ke gaban mu – yadda za a kiyaye al’adun da muke tinkaho da su a zamanance.</p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> H.A.S. Johnson, <i style="">The Fulani Empire of Sokoto</i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, 1967, p. 4-6. Sannan kuma a duba Abdullahi Mahdi, <i style="">The Hausa Factor in West African History</i>. ABU Press, 1978. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Abdullahi Smith, “Some consideration relating to the formation of States in Hausa-land”. <i style="">Journal of the Historical Society of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>, Vol V No 1, December 1970, p. 331. </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> G.R. Niven, <i style="">A Short History of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Longman</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place>, 1971, p. 39. </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> H. R. Palmer, Sudanese Memoirs, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, Frank Cass, 1928, p. 95.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ibid.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Neil S. Skinner, “The Origin of the name Hausa”, <st1:place st="on"><i style="">Africa</i></st1:place>, 1968,Vol XXXVII, No 3, p. 256.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Muhammad Sani Ibrahim, Muhammad Sani Ibrahim, <i style="">Dangantakar Al’ada da Addini: Tasirin Musulunci Kan Rayuwar Hausawa Ta Gargajya</i>. M.A. Thesis, Department of Nigerian Languages, April 1982, p. 94. </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Aliyu Abubakar, <i style="">Al Thakafatul Arabiyyati Fi Naijiriya: Min Aam 1750 ilaa 1960. </i>Arabic Literature in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place>: From 1750 to 1960. PhD thesis, ABU Zaria, 1972. pp 371-469; wanda a ka sarrafa a mtsayin Aliyu Abubakar, <i style="">The Arabic Culture in Nigeria</i>, Beirut, Lebanon, AbdulHafiz Al-Bassid, 1972. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Domin karin bayani, a duba Muhammad Sani Ibrahim, “Are-aren kalmomi cikin Hausa”, in Yahaya, I.Y. and Rufa’i, A. (eds) <i style="">Studies in Hausa Language, Literature and Culture</i>, The First Hausa International Conference. Center for the Study of Nigerian Languages, <st1:placename st="on">Bayero</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place>, 1978, pp 94-116; Neil Skinner, “Loans in Hausa and Pre-Hausa: Some Etymologies” <i style="">Berliner Afrikanistische Vortrage</i> 21 (1980) 169-202; Joseph Greenberg, “Linguistic Evidence for the Influence of Kanuri on the Hausa”, <i style="">Journal of African History</i> 1:2 (1960).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. <i>Mutumin Kirki: The Concept of the Good Man in Hausa</i>. The Third Annual Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture,<span style=""> </span>prepared by the African Studies Program, Indian university, Bloomington, Indiana, 1974. The lecture itself was delivered on April 11 1973.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Habib Alhassan, Usman Ibrahim Musa, Rabi’u Mohammed Zarruk, <i style="">Zaman Hausawa</i>. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kano</st1:city></st1:place>, Islamic Publications Bureau, 1982, 1988. <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10;"> Duba hira da a ka yi da Sani Dan Indo, mai kidan kuntigi, a cikin, Annur, Vol 1, August 2001, shafi na 48.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Don samun<span style=";font-family:";" > </span>karin bayani a <st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state> matsayin maroka a kasar Hausa kafin ‘yanci daga mulkin mallaka na Turawan Ingila, a dubi makalar M.G. Smith, “The Social Functions and Meaning of hausa Praise-Singing”, a <st1:place st="on"><i style="">Africa</i></st1:place>, Vol 27, 1957, shafuka na 26-44.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7992395423468863191#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Misali, a dubi hirar da a ka yi da Najja’atu Abubakar, ‘yar jihar Kogi, tauraruwar fim din <i style="">Zabari</i>, a mujallar <i style="">FIM</i>, Afrilu, 2005, shafi na 17, “<st1:place st="on">Neman</st1:place> kudi na zo, ba fadakarwa ba”.</p> </div> </div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-18109326016969508552008-09-25T03:44:00.003+01:002008-09-25T04:16:02.227+01:00Tsarin Doka a Kasar Hausa Kafin Zuwan Musulunci<div style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span lang="HA" style="font-size:16;"><o:p></o:p></span>Wannan takarda w</i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="HA">ani bangare </span>ne </i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="HA">na kundin binciken NCE a Sashen Hausa </span>n</i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="HA">a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya da ke Kano, Agusta 2006.</span><span lang="HA"> </span>Dalibai hudu ne suka rubuta, kuma sun karanta </i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="HA">Hausa/Arabic</span>:<o:p></o:p></i></b></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style=""><i style=""><o:p></o:p><span style="" lang="HA">Auwalu Yahaya Abdu</span> da </i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="HA">Aminu Ahmad Sa’id</span> da </i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="HA">Muhd. Ibrahim Sani </span>da kuma </i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="HA">Hamisu Hassan Abdullahi</span></i></b><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">Tarihin Kasar Hausa a takaice:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Kasar Hausa ita ce yankin nan na kasar Sudan wanda ke wajen yammacin kasar Afrika, daga gabas da ita akwai Kasar Borno, daga yamma kuma kasar Dahoma (Jamhuriyar Benin a yanzu), daga Arewa ga hamadar sahara, daga kudu kuma akwai kasashen Nufe da kasashen da ake kira “Middle Belt” a takaice.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p></o:p>Kasar Hausa wata bangare ce ta Arewacin Najeriya da kudancin Nijar, tana da fadin kasa tare da bishiyoyi dogaye da gajeru a mafi yawan wurare, kuma kasa ce mai ni’ima tare da albarkar wajen shuka, kuma tana da tsayayyun yanayi guda hu]u duk shekara su ne Sanyi, da Zafi, da Rani, da kuma Damina.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p></o:p>Irin sana’o’in da ake da su sun hada da Noma, da Kiwo, da Rini, da Kira, da Jima, da Sassaka da dai sauransu. Kuma a wancan lokaci ba su da wani abu tsayayye da za a kira da suna kudi illa iyaka ban gishiri na ba ka manda (Cikin Furfure).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p></o:p>Misali Manomin da yake bukatar wuka, ko Fartanya, ko Lauje, sai ya dauki Hatsinsa ya kai wa Makeri.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Haka ma Makerin idan yana bukatar a yi masa wani aiki kamar yabe, to sai dai ya ba da abubuwan da yake kerawa kamar su Garma, ko Takobi ko makamancinsu, a ladan aikin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p></o:p>Da haka sai ka ga kowa ya samu biyan bukatunsa, kuma rayuwa ta saukaka. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p></o:p>Irin wannan nau’in ciniki shi ake kira cinikin ‘Furfure’. Amma ko ba a fadi ba irin wannan rayuwa, tana bukatar kowa ya yi aiki tukuru, tare da nusar da mutum ya zuwa ga yin tsimi da tanadin abin da ya yi saura don gaba.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Wannan ya sa tsarin tattalin arzikin Hausawa a wancan lokaci ya ginu a kan sana’o’insu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p></o:p></span><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">Kafuwar Al’ummar Hausawa:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Kafuwar al’ummar Hausa ta faru tun can zamani mai tsawo. Zamanin da jahilci da duhun kai suka yi wa duniya kanta. Yayin da kowacce daga cikin al’ummomin duniya ba ta san da zaman kowa ba, in ka ]ebe ita kanta da ‘yan kabilu daya ko biyu masu makwabtaka da ita. Wato lokacin da dan Adam ke bautawa dukkan wani abin da ke ba shi tsoro ko mamaki, saboda ya wuce hankalinsa. Ma’ana ya kasa fahimtarsa. Irin wannan matsayi na sa Dan’adam ya bauta wa abubuwa da dama kwatankwachi su rana, da wata da itatuwa da rafuka da duwatsu, da aljanu, har ma da dabbobi. Kaico! Ke nan bautawa aljanu (Bori) da kangida da su ‘Dodo’ su ne nau’o’in addinin Bahaushe na tun farko-farkon kafuwar al’ummarsa.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">Al’adun Hausawa Ta Bangaren Shugabanci:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Shugabanci na nufin rikon ragamar al’umma da ba su umarni da yi musu jagoranci bisa tafarkin da suka amince da shi, da tsara musu dokoki da sasanta tsakaninsu, da makamantan wadannan.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Shugabanci ta bangaren al’adun Hausawa kuwa, ya faro ne daga tsarin zaman iyali inda Maigida yake kamar Sarki a gidansa, a kullum shi ne babba, daga nan sai matarsa da sauran yaran gida. Yayin da aka samu gidaje biyu ko fiye da haka akan zabi wani dattijo a matsayin shugaba, ko kuma wani jarumi wanda ya nuna ya fi kowa sadaukantaka da jaruntaka da dauriya.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Wasu dalilai kamar halin kunci a cikin gida ko bukata irin ta tsaro ko rashin zaman lafiya, kan sa Maigida ya fitar da wasu daga cikin ‘ya‘yansa zuwa wani guri na daban, kamar gona ko garke. Ta haka ne iyali kan yadu su yawaita su hada wani kauye.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Saboda haka ne sai a kara zabar wani shugaban da zai shugabanci wannan kauye. Wannan shi ya haifar da mukamin MAI</span><span lang="HA"> </span><span style="" lang="HA">UNGUWA kuma shi zai dinga tsara musu dokoki.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Kauye yakan bunkasa ya zama gari sosai, a sakamakon haka sai a kara zabar wani mutum a matsayin Maigari (Fagaci) don kula da wannan gari.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Da aka samu ci gaba kuma, garuruwa suka kara yawaita sai aka samar da mukamin Hakimi, ana ba wa Hakimi garuruwan Maigari akalla biyar don ya kula da su.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Da tafiya tai tafiya, sai aka samar da mukamin Sarki inda ake hada wa Sarki masarautar Hakimi akalla biyar ko fiye domin ya shugabance su ya kuma shimfida musu dokoki domin zaman lafiya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A takaice dai ajin shugabannin da ke tsara dokoki a tsakanin talakawansu sun hada da Maiunguwa, da Fagaci, da Hikimi, da Sarki, don haka a tsarin zaman Hausawa komai dukiyar mutum in ba ya cikin wannan jeri to talaka ne.</span><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">3.1 MA'ANAR DOKA DA MASU KAFA TA:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Dangane da ma'anar Doka masana sun yi bayana da dama a kan ta daga cikin su akwai Farfesa Neil Skinner (1980), ya bayyana ta da cewa "Doka wata tsarrriyar hanya ce da akan gindaya ta ga mutanen gari, da kuma horo ga duk wanda ya ketare ta don samar da tsaftatacciyar rayuwa ga wannan al'umma".<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Dangane da masu kafa doka kuwa sun hada da <b style="">Maigida</b> wanda yake kafa doka a tsakanin iyalinsa domin suna karkashin kulawarsa, a wannan bangare na cikin gida ana yin amfani da doka ta ina gaba da kai dole abin da na umarce ka ka bi ki da so.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Sannan sai <b style="">Maiunguwa</b> wanda ke sasanta rikicin da ya afku tsakanin makwabta.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Sannan sai <b style="">Fagaci</b> (Dagaci) wanda ke sasanta rikicin da ya fi karfin <b style="">Maiunguwa</b> wato kamar kauyuka da unguwanni.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Hausawa na cewa ‘Komai tsawon wuya kai ne a samansa’, wato <b style="">Sarki</b> shi ne sama da kowanne daya daga cikin wadannan shugabanni da aka ambata, wanda ya kasance Sarki yakan zamo mutum ne mai kwarjini da girman sha'ani, kuma ba a kawo masa wargi saboda matsayinsa na bango madafar bayi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Alhaji Mamman Shata Katsina a wa}ar da ya yi wa Sarkin Bauci Sulaimanu Adamu yana cewa: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">"Kowas-Sarki ya darma sa’a <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Wasa da aboki ba shi yiwo".<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A takaice Sarki shi ne karshen mai yanke hukunci a tsakanin dukkan wadannan rukunai na shugabanni.</span><b style=""><o:p><br /></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="" lang="HA">3.2 RABE-RABEN DOKA</span></span><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Dangane da rabe-raben doka kuwa, za mu iya cewa doka ta rabu zuwa kaso uku kamar haka;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">i. Doka a bangaren cikin gidan Hausawa;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">ii. Doka a bangaren masu mulki;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">iii. Doka a bangaren masu sana'o'in gargajiya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Wadannan su ne manyan rukunai ko azuzuwan da doka ta kasu gare su. Ga kuma bayanin su kamar haka:</span><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">3.3 DOKA A BANGAREN CIKIN GIDAN HAUSAWA:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">A gargajiyance gidan Bahaushe yakan kunshi <b style="">Maigida</b> da matansa, da 'yan uwansa, da kuma 'ya'yansa. Iyali shi ne ainihin ginshikin da aka kafa al'ummar Hausa a kansa. Daga iyali ne jama'a kan faru, har su zama 'yar kungiya, daga nan kuma su hadu su samar da 'yar unguwa, wadannan unguwoyi su ke haduwa su kafa kauye, daga nan kuma sai garuruwa su samu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A zaman iyalin Bahaushe, babba ne kan yi kokarin sadaukar da kansa, ya kyautatawa na kasa da shi. Shi kuma karami ya yi masa biyayya, da kaucewa duk wani abu da ka iya kawo raini ga na gaba. To akasari za ka tarar irin wannan gida, gida ne na gado, wato wanda aka gada tun kaka da kakanni kuma ba a raba shi ba. Sau da yawa irin wannan gida a tukunya guda ake girka abincin da za a ba wa kowanne.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A bangare guda kuwa, Kaka na wajen uwa ko na wajen uba, shi ne mai yin hukunci na farko a tsakanin danginsa, kuma shi ne zai fadi abin da za su yi. Idan ka ga an jingine kaka, to ya tsufa ne ko kuma ba shi da cikakkiyar lafiya, ko ta Allah ta kasance akansa(ya mutu).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A wannan bangare ana yin amfani ne da Doka ta ina gaba da kai, don haka dole abin da na umarce ka shi za ka bi, ki da so.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A lokacin da mai gida ba ya nan, wansa ko kaninsa shi sai zama a makwafinsa, kuma ko mahaifi (Maigida) yana nan zai iya zama a makwafinsa, misali zai ce "Kai wane mun samu labari kana neman auren 'yar gidan wane, ba za ka aure ta ba". Shi ke nan ba ka da ta cewa, don yana cikin masu fada a ji a cikin danginku. Kuma sannan wadannan 'ya’ya ba za su zama manya ba ko da kuwa an yi musu aure, har sai sun hayayyafa. Kun ga ke nan na gaba yana wucewa na baya na maye gurbinsa, shi ma wancan kakan a da jika ne na wani, ya zama da, ya zama uba, kana ya zama kaka. Don haka Kaka shi ne tsani na farko da za a taka wajen bin Doka ta cikin gida.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Idan muka juya banagren aure kuma, Hausawa suna da<span style=""> </span>Al'adar wanda duk aka ba wa yarinya ta bayu, ko tana so ko ba ta so, dole ne su zauna tare. Haka shi ma mijin ba kasafai ake bari ya zabi wacce yake so ba, yana yin uhn! Za a ce "Kai! Da ubannika za ka yi jayayya?. Ko kuwa wannan ba kanin ubanka ba ne? Wato ba shi da iko a kan ka ke nan?". Haka nan a kan dole zai zauna da wannan mata, in da rabo ma sai ka ga sun hayayyafa. Su ma idan suka tashi aurar da 'ya'ansu irin wancan auren da aka yi musu (Na zumunta) za su yi wa 'ya'yansu.</span><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">3.4 DOKA A BANGAREN MASU MULKI:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Mulki a Kasar Hausa ya danganci rikon ragamar al'amuran jama'a, wanda ya hada har da ba su umarni, da kafa Doka, da sulhunta tsakaninsu da sauran ha</span>kk<span style="" lang="HA">okinsu na yau da kullum.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A karkashin wannan aji na bangaren masu mulki muna da Sarki da Hakimi, da Dagaci (Fagaci) da kuma mai unguwa. Ga bayanin yadda kowanne daga cikinsu ke zartar da Doka a bangarensa.</span><o:p><br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="HA">1. MAI’UNGUWA: Shi ne sabon shugaban da talakawa suka zaba a yayin da suka fuskanci sun soma yawa, dole tafiyar sai da jagora, daga baya ne abin ya zama gado.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">To shi Mai’unguwa yana cikin masu kafa Doka a bi dole, ko ya hana don karfin mulkinsa, sai fa idan abin ya fi karfinsa ne zai tura shi gaba.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">2. DAGACI (FAGACI): Shi ne mutumin da ke mulkar unguwanni da ke karkashin masu unguwanni kamar biyar ko fiye, ana kiran sa Maigari saboda yankinsa ya fi karfin unguwa. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">To shi ne mai zartar da hukuncin da ya gagari masu unguwannin da ke karkashinsa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">3. HAKIMI: Ya samu wannan suna ko mukami ne a yayin da aka samu ci gaba, kuma garuruwa suka kara yawaita. Sai aka ba wa Hakimi garuruwan Fagaci a </span>k<span style="" lang="HA">alla guda biyar don ya kula da su.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">To shi ma Hakima idan abu ya daure masa kai yakan tura shi kai tsaye ga shugaban kasa na gargajiya (Wato Sarki).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">4. SARKI: Shi ne shugaban koli ga dukkan mahukuntan da aka yi bayaninsu a baya, shi ya sa ma wasu ke yi wa sarki kirari da "Bango madafar bayi".<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Tsarin sarakuna, shi ne tsarin shugabanci a tsarin gargajiya na zaman Hausawa. Kuma ya samo asali ne tun zamani dadadde. Kuma duk wanda ya kasance Sarki ya kan zamo mutum ne mai }warjini da girman sha'ani, Jarumin gaske, kuma ba a kawo masa wargi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Kuma Sarki shi ne mai zartar da Doka na karshe, daga kansa Magana ta kare, babu wani maganar kotu ko Alkali, don kuwa sun samu ne bayan zuwan addinin musulunci da kuma Turawan Mulkin Mallaka.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A lokacin wadannan shugabanni da muka yi bayani, suna zartar da Doka ne da abin da shugaba ya yi tsinkaye a kai, wato a matsayinsa na wanda ya ga jiya da yau, kuma yake shirin ganin gobe. Dama Hausawa na cewa "Abin da babba ya hango yaro ko ya hau Rimi ba zai gano ba".</span><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">3.5 DOKA A BANGAREN MASU SANA'O'IN GARGAJIYA:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Al'umma, tamkar jikin dan adam ne, wanda baya ga aikin da tilas ne kowace ga~a ta yi, don tabbatar da rayuwarta cikin inganci, akwai kuma gudunmawar da take ba da wa don kasancewar dan Adam ]in jiki guda. Ga kuwa sauran aikace-aikace da suke da mahimmanci fiye da saura, wadanda in ba a yi su ba, sai ta kai ga katsewar rayuwa. Wannan siffa ta al'umma, ta tilasta wa kowa daga cikin jama'arta yin wani aiki, domin tabbatar da wanzuwar al'ummar, baya ga wasu aikace-aikace da suka zama dole ga kowa, domin rayuwarsa shi kansa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Sarakuna a kowanne gari, sun bai wa shugabannin sana'o'i da manyar Bokaye, da jarumai har ma da dattijan gari matsayi na musamman wajen gudanar da mulkinsu. A hakika ma, bincike ya tabbatar da cewa wadannan rukunonin jama'a ne suka zamo mataimakan Sarki, wajen tafiyar da mulkin yankinsa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Don haka a gargajiyance ana zabar dattijo da ya fi kowa yawan shekaru da kwarewa a kan sana’ar da mazauna wurin suke yi. Irin sana’o’in da ake da su a wancan lokaci sun hada da Noma, da Kiwo, da Kira, da Jima, da Sa</span>k<span style="" lang="HA">a, da sauransu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Bisa ga tsarin zama na gargajiya, Hausawa sun amince da zaman cude-ni-in-cude-ka. Kowanne mai sana'a, yakan yi la'akari da cewa kamar yadda yake bukatar wasu abubuwa don nasarar sana'arsa, haka ma wasu ke bukatar wani abun daga gare shi. Wannan fahimtar ta sa kowanne mai sana'a yakan yi fiye da abin da yake bukata, ta yadda zai iya amfana daga abin da ya saura, don mallakar wasu abubuwa da ba zai iya yi da kansa ba. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Misali, Manomin da ke bukatar wuka, ko fartanya, ko lauje, sai ya dauki Hatsinsa ya kai ga Makeri. Haka shi ma makerin zai ba da garma ko takobo don a yi masa yabe ko jinka ko </span>d<span style="" lang="HA">inki. Da haka sai ka ga kowa ya sami biyan buktarsa kuma rayuwa ta saukaka. wannan, nau’in ciniki shi ake kira <b style="">cinikin furfure</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Amma ko ba a fada ba, irin wannan rayuwa, tana bukatar kowa ya yi aiki tukuru, tare da nusar da mutum zuwa ga yin tsimi da tanadi na abin da yai saura don gaba. Wannan ya sa tsarin tattalin arzikin Hausawa ya ginu a kan sana'o'insu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span dir="rtl" style="" lang="AR-SA">To idan kuma ya kasance a bangaren sana'a kamar ga Mahauta wani ya ci bashin dabbar wani ya ki biya, to shi wanda aka ci bashin nasa ba zai ja wancan da rigima ba, a'a sai ya tafi wajen Sarkin fawa ya yi kararsa. Shi kuma Sarkin fawa zai tura daya daga cikin fadawansa su yi kiran wanda ya ci bashin, a nan za a kashe rigimar, ko Sarkin fadawa ya biya, ko a yi wa wanda ake bi bashi lamuni ya kawo. To haka ma abin yake ga sauran masu sana'o'in gargajiya da suke da sarakuna.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <div style="text-align: left;"><span dir="ltr"></span><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA"><span dir="ltr"></span>4.1 BAUTAR HAUSAWA (ADDINI) NA GARGAJIYA DA DOKOKINTA:<br /></span></b><span style="" lang="HA">Addini hanya ce ta bauta, wadda tilas dukkan Dan’adam ya bi. Allah (S.W.A) ya ce 'Ban halicci mutum da Aljani ba sai don ya bauta mini'. Amma kuma ya ba su na su bauta wa Allah da ya hallicce su. Ko kuma su bauta wa waninsa. Abin da kuwai dan Adam ba zai samu ba, shi ne ya zauna bai yi bauta ba, ko ba komai ya bauta wa cikinsa, ko wani ra'ayi nasa Allah ya tsare mu, amin.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A matsayinsa na hanyar bauta addini shi ne yake daidaita tunanin Dan’adam da dukan al'amuransa na rayuwa, ko da kuwa kowanne addini mutum ya zabi ya yi, to kuwa za ka tarar addinin nasa yana da kwakkwaran tasiri dangane da yadda yake tafi da harkokin rayuwarsa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Idan kuwa muka koma dangane da bauta, addinin Hausawa na gargajiya za mu tarar yana da dokoki, da tsare-tsare da mabiyansa ke bi. Misali ga alama ‘Kan-gida’ shi ne abin bautar kowanne iyali na Hausawa ‘Dodo' kuwa, abin bauta ne na jama'ar gari, kowanne gari suna da Dodon da suke bautawa, za a iya cewa Tsunburbura ita ake bautawa a Kano.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Daura kuwa, suna bauta wa macijiya. Zariya kuwa suna bauta wa dodanni da ake kira ‘MADARA' Da ‘KUFE’, shi kuwa Bori addini ne da Hausawa suke bautawa "Ubangiji' ta hanyar iskoki. Shi kansa addinin bori, duk da cewa ya yadu akasar Hausa, ba kowa da kowa ne ya karbi addinin yake bi ba. Ma'ana ba kowane Bahaushe ne dan bori ba, sai wanda ya yarda da addinin, kuma shugabanni addinin na bori suka karbi yardar tasa, suka yi wasu al'adu na shigar da shi addinin nasu. Misali, mutumin da ya zabi ya abutawa kar, zaka same shi yana kaffa-kaffa da karen tare da yin dukkan abinda kare ke so, da kuma barin dukkan abinda karen bazai so ba. Haka zaka sami wannan mutum ya cika da bakin ciki a duk lokacin da wani ya sabawa karen, ko ya sa shi fishi, sannan ya yi farin ciki da wanda duk wanda ya kyatatawa karen ko ya ganshi cikin koshin lafiya da annushuwa dan haka duk wata harka da bata shafi karen ba bai damu da ita ba. Karen nan ya sani, shi ya tsare aikinsa ke nan hidimar kare. Dan haka baya sake da duk wata doka da ya kafawa kansa game da karen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4.2 MISALIN WASU DAGA CIKIN DOKOKIN Kasar HAUSA TA BANGAREN BAUTA; Kasar KANO DA Kasar DAURA:</span><br />Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata Tsunburbura ita ake bautawa a Kano, a matsayin bautarsu ta gargajiya a waccan lokacin. Dan haka zamu kawo bayanin yadda ake bauta mada da dokokin da masu bautarta ke bi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Akwai wani Hatsabibi da ake kira Barbushe wanda shi ke jan talakawa zuwa wurin bautawa Tsunburbura, ance murgujejen kato ne na gani na fadi, an ce yakan kashe giwa ya rataya ta a wuya shi kadai, kuma shi ke karbo sakon shekara daga wajen Tsunburbura, kuma duk wani horo ko umarni da Tsunburbura take yi yana biyowa ta hanyarsa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">To, an ce a wannan lokaci idan mutum ya yi laifi, saia a sanar da Barbushe irin laifin da mutumin ya aikata, shi kuma sai ya shiga wajen Tsunburbura, wato Dutsen Dala inda fadarwa take, idan ya shiga yana daukan lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya fito. Idan ya fito ba zai fadi irin Dokar da aka yanakewa mai laifin ba, har sai shi mai laifin ya gabatar da wani abu da ya danganci dabbobin gida kamar rago, ko tunkiya, ko akuya da sauransu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Idan aka kawo wannan dabba shi Barbushe zai hau da ita kan dutsen kusa da fadar Tsunburbura, daga nan sai kowa ya tafi gida sai washe gari, za a yo dafifi a biyo bayan Barbushe shi kuma sai ya hau kan dutsen wado inda ya ajiye dabbar, idan ya taras babu wannan dabba, to shi ke nan an yafewa mai laifin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Amma idan ya taras da wannan dabba kamar yadda ya bar ta, hakan na nufin Tsunburbura ba ta karbi tuban mai laifin ba, don haka zai ci gaba da bawa Tsunburbura wata dabba a matsayin fansar mai laifin da ya aikata har sai ta ji </span>k<span style="" lang="HA">ansa koda kuwa garkensa da na danginsa zai kare.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">A Kasar Daura kuwa tsarin bautarsu a samo asali ne daga wata macijiya da ake kira Sarki. Yadda abin ya samo asali kuwa shi ne, akwai wani makiyayi da ke kiwon shanu, a cikin shanun da yake kiwo akwai wani sa wanda kullum sai ya fice daga garken ya shiga wata 'yar duhuwa, can jimawa kadan sai ya fito.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Ana nan ana nan sai wata rana makiyayin nan ya ce "Bari dai na bi san nan na ga wurin da yake zuwa". Shi ke nan sai ya bi shi, ya shiga nan ya fita can har suka dangane da wata 'yar duhuwa, sai ya ga san ya cusa kansa ciki, can jimawa sai ya ga ya dago kansa jike da ruwa, sai makiyayin nan ya tabbata akwai rijiya a gurin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Bai ya kasa a gwiwa ba, sai ya kai wa Sarauniya Daurama labari, shi ke nan sai ta sa aka gyara wurin aka digan diban ruwan rajiyar, to ashe a cikin rijiyar akwai wata macijiya, sai ta hana mutane diban ruwa sai sau daya a sati, sai ta zama uwargijiyarsu su kuwa suka zama bayinta, ba su suka samu fita daga </span>k<span style="" lang="HA">anginta, sai bayan da Bayajidda "Abu Yazid" ya iso Kasar Daura ya kashe macijiyar kamar yadda tarihi mai tsawo ya nuna.</span><o:p><br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">5.1 MATALOLIN DA AKA FUSKANTA:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Bahaushe na cewa "SAI AN SHA WUYA AKAN SHA DADI", babu shakka wannan magana gaskiya ce, domin kuwa muma mun fuskanci matsaloli da ba za a rasa ba a yayin gudanar da wannan aiki, dama an ce "Zomo ba ya kamuwa daga zaune", hakan ce ta sa muka ta shi haikan wajen nemo bayanai ingatattu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Babbar matsalarmu ita ce ta kudi masu gidan rana, musamman kasancewar daibai ba mai saye ko sayarwa, kuma dukkanmu babu dan 'in service'. Amma cikin yardar Allah wannan matsala ta kau.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Matsala ta biyu ita ce karancin littattafai masu magana a kan wannan batu namu, wato "Doka a Kasar Hausa kafin zuwan musulunci". Su kan su masana tarihi sun yi mamakin wannan batu da muke bincike a kansa, domin suna ganin kamar shirin daukar dala ba gammo ne, ko kuma diban ruwa kwado. Saboda haka mun samu matsalar rashin samun cikakkun bayanai kan irin dokokin Hausawa na wancan lokaci, sakamakon rashin bayyanar rubutu da karantu kafin zuwan musulunci.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Matsala ta uku ita ce ta ke ka ka dawo da muka yi ta samu daga masana, bayan da muna ganin kamar kayan mu ya tsinke a gindin kaba, hakance ta sa mu matsala lamba har sai da hakanmu ya cimma ruwa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Wadannan da ma wasu da ba mu ambata ba, suna cikin dinbin matsalolin da muka fuskanta a yayin gudanar da bincike kan "Doka a Kasar Hausa kafin zuwan addinin musulunci".</span><b style=""><o:p><br /></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">5.2 SHAWARWARI:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Babu shakka akwai shawarwari da ya kamata mu ba wa 'yan uwanmu dalibai masu sha'awar yin binciken da ya danganci doka da rayuwar Hausawa kafin zuwan musulunci. Shawarwarin sun hada da:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">1. A yi tambaya ta kai tsaye maras rikitarwa, kuma a cikin ladabi da biyayya don masanin ya gane inda aka dosa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">2. A samu hadin kai ga rukunin masu gudanar da bincike<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">3. A dinanci jurina da na ci wajen gudanar da bincike<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">4. Ya zama dole a kai zuciya nesa, wato ban da yin fushi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">5. A tsara tambayoyi kafin a je wajen wanda<span style=""> </span>za a tambaya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">6. Duk littafi da aka samu wani bayani komai kankantarsa, a dauki sunansa, da na marubuci, da kuma shekarar bugu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">7. A rubuta kwanan wata da lokaci da ka ziyarci wani masani<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">8. Masu bincike su dauki abin da suke da sha'awa ko masaniya a kansa ko yaya take.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">9. A guji yin tambayar da za ta kawo bacin rai ga wanda aka yi wa ita, ko kuma za ta bukaci ya fadi sirrinsa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">10. lallai ne masu gudanar da aikin bincike su samu cikakken lokaci, kuma su tanaji kudi da kayan aiki.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Allah ya sa mu dace amin.<o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">5.3 KAMMALAWA:</span></b><br /><span style="" lang="HA">Muna mika godiyarmu ga Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala da ya kawo mu karshen wannan aiki da muka sa wa suna "Doka a Kasar Hauwa Kafin zuwan musulunci".<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Ya zama wajibi mu mika godiyar ta musamman ga malamanmu, wadanda suka taimaka mana wajen wannan aiki namu, musamman Malam Bashir Ibrahim saboda gudunmawa da ya ba mu da shawarwari masu amfani da ba za su misaltu ba, Allah ya saka masa da Alherri ya daukaki zuciyarsa, amin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">Wannan aiki ya ba mu damar ganawa da masana daban daban wadanda ko a mafarki ba mu yi tunanin saduwa da su ba, amma sai ga shi a dalilin wannan aiki har hira mun yi da su ta baka da baka. Daman Alhaji (Dr.) Dan Maraya Josa yana cewa:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><i><span style="" lang="HA">Ina ruwan wani da wani<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><i><span style="" lang="HA">In ba dalili tai ba</span></i><span dir="rtl" style="" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">To mu dai kan ta yi dalilin saduwarmu da fitattun masana na cike da wajen Kanon Dabo. A karshe muna fatan wannan aiki namu zai amfani dalibai masu nazari da kuma masu niyyar gudanar da aikin bincike a wannan fage. Amin.<o:p></o:p></span></p><b style=""><span style="" lang="HA">5.4 MANAZARTA:<br /></span></b><span style="" lang="HA">1. Adamu Mahadi, (1978): <u>The Hausa Factor in West African History</u> A.B.U Zaria.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">2. Umar A.A, (1981): <u>Hirarsu da jaridar Gaskiya ta fi Kwabo</u> ta ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1981<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">3. Ibrahim M.S., (1982): <u>Dangantakar Al'ada da Addinin Musulunci kan Rayuwar Hausawa ta gargajiya</u>, (M.A Thesis) sashen Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya, B.U.K<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">4. Muhd. N.I, (1986): <u>Tsarin Sarautar gargajiya jiya da yau</u>, B.A Hausa Yuni, 1986<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">5. nuwa Sale, (1987): <u>Matsayin Harshen Hausa jiya da yau,</u> Kundin Digiri na farko, Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya, B.U.K.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">6. Hassan Y.A, (1992): <u>Tsarin gargajiya na zaman iyali da Dangantaka</u>: B.A (hons) Hausa Yuli, 1992<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">7. Ibrahim Idrin, (2002): <u>Al'adun Hausawa nag ado: Nazarin Hanyoyin zaman tare a al'umar Hausawa:</u> B.A (Hausa).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">8. </span>D<span style="" lang="HA">ahiru Hadi, (2002): <u>Ire-Iren Yanayi na shekara da abubuwan da Hausawa ke yi a cikinsa.</u> B.A (Hausa)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">9. Hira da Dr. Ahmad Magaji na Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano, ranar Labara 19 ga watan Yuli, 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA">10. Hira da Muhd. Tahir Adam (Baba Impossible), ranar 4 ga watan Augusta, 2004.</span><span dir="rtl" style="" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;"><span style="" lang="HA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -6pt; text-indent: 4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-14800562699436265662008-08-23T06:26:00.001+01:002008-08-23T06:27:56.066+01:00MARUBUTAN HAUSA BA JAHILAI NE BA<div align="justify">Masu iya magana suna cewa, idan hankali ya bata hankali ake sawa ya nemo shi, kuma mayar da martani cikin fushi babu abin da yake haifar wa mai yin sa illa aiwatar da kuskure, shi ya sa ake cewa kada ka mayar da martani a cikin fushi, kuma gagggawa tana daga aikin shaidan. </div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify">Na karanta rubutun Malam Buhari Daure, wanda aka buga a cikin jaridar Leadership Hausa ta ranar Juma’a 25-31 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekara ta 2008, kuma abin akwai ban mamaki kwarai da gaske a ce a matsayin Buhari na marubuci kuma mai hankali da ilmi da karatu, wanda yake ganin marubuta ba su da ilmi kuma mai ganin marubuta ‘yan’uwansa a matsayin ‘mahaukata ‘yan banza ‘yan iska’ kamar yadda ya rubata a takardarsa, a sakin layi na bakwai, layi na karshe.</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Na yi zaton zai dauki kanun bayaninsa guda daya kamar yadda ya yi wa takardar take da cewa ‘MARUBUTA A KAN SIKELI’, amma sai ya shiga kame-kame yana hado tsaba da tsakuwa, yana yin wake da shinkafa, sannan kuma yana bayar da bayani yana kuma karyata kansa da kansa, ko kuma mu ce yana yin amai yana lashewa, sannan maganar tana kama da tafiyar gwamen jaki. E haka ne mana, ai ga duk wanda ya karanta bayanin nasa zai ga wuraren da ya yi magana amma ya rusa ta da kansa.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Ba so nake in yi dogon bayani ba, don ba so nake in bas hi amsar duk wasu abubuwa day a yi Magana ba illa ina so in dauki wasu wurare in ba shi amsa, sauran wasu sa bas hi amsa, don gudun kada in maimata irin abin da ya yi a rubutunsa, domin an ce ‘mafi alherin magana shi ne abin da ya karanta kuma ya shiryar, bai yi tsayi ba balle ya kosar’<br />1. Sakin layi na goma, ya bayyana cewa ‘ana maganar Hausa a majalisar dinkin duniya, zaune tare da Faransanci da Larabci da Turanci’.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Abin tambaya me kake nufi da ana yin maganar Hausa a majalisar dinkin duniya?<br />2. Sakin layi na goma sha daya, ya bayyana cewa ’Kalli irin takardar da ake buga wasu littattafan da kwalayen da ake buga bangon, kai wata takardar ko kosai da tsire ba za su iya zama a cikin ta ba, to ta yaya wadannan littattafan za su je Abuja ko Yamai balle Legas, bayan ba su da lamba?’<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">A tunanina da can, na yi zaton Buhari ya fahimci kyan bugun littafi da takarda da kwali mai kyau ba su ne kyan littafi ba, a a, kyan abin da ke cikin littafi shi ne muhimmi, domin kana iya samun littafi ya samu bugu da takarda mai kyau amma abin da ya kunsa ba shi da kyau, wannan ya zama kyan dan miciji kenan. Haka nan yawan shafuka, su ma ba su ne muhimman ababen dubawa ba, abin da ke ciki shi ne abin lura kawai, amma fa ban sani ba shi a wajen sa, mene ne kyan littafi?.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma batun Yaya wadannan littattafan za su je Abuja ko Yamai balle Legas, bayan ba su da lamba?’<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Amsa a nan ita ce, ya je ingila wajen Divid Hogarth, zai iske yana sayar da wadannan littattafai ta hanyar aika wa ta gidan waya, kuma duk shekara yana zuwa Nijeriya, musamman Kano ya sayi wadannan littattafai na marubutan da Buhari ya dauka a matsayin ‘mahaukata ‘yan banza ‘yan iska’, sannan ya je Yamai kasuwar ‘Giran marshe’ wato babbar kasuwa, zai iske ana sayar da wadannan littattafai, balle kuma Abuja ko Legas. Kai ba ma nan ba, ya ma je Library of Congress ko British Library da dakunan karatu na manyan jami’o’I na Ingila da Amurka da Jamus da sauran kasashen duniya, zai ga littattafan kuma ba kyauta muka bas u ba. Don haka rashin lamba ba ita ce za ta hana su zuwa ko’ina ba, tuni sun je inda Buhari bai sani ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Sannan kuma kana iya zuwa jami’ar SOAS da ke Landan inda Farfesa Graham Furniss yake, za ka iske littattafan Hausa na zamani har guda 1835, an adana su an kauwame su, don masu neman ilmi, kuma an bude musu yanar gizo mai adireshi kamar haka: <a href="http://hausa.soas.ac.uk/">http://hausa.soas.ac.uk/</a>/ har ila yau kuma, shi dai Farfesa Graham Furniss tare da Dr. Malami Buba sun rubuta littafi mai suna Bibliography of Hausa Popular Fiction 1987-2002, wanda kamfanin Rudiger Koppe Verlag Koln suka buga a kasar Jamus, a shekarar 2004. Yawan shafukan littafin 179. Kuma za ka iske har da naka littattafan guda biyu, Zakanya, wanda aka ba shi lamba 643, wanda kamfani Mashi, Kano suka buga shi a shekarar 2001, yana da shafuka 42, sai kuma Karnukan Farauta, wanda aka ba shi lamba 653, wanda kamfanin Gizo, Kano suka buga shi a shekarar 2001, yana da shafuka 116. Don haka tunanin da kake yi da kuma bayananka iya fahimtarka ne da kuma inda ka sani ne kawai a game da wadannan litattafai da kuma marubutansu.<br />3. Sakin layi na goma sha uku, ya bayyana cewa ‘Mutane nawa ne suke da digiri a cikin marubutan? Da kyar in sun kai mutane 30, balle a ‘yan fim wadanda ba su kai rabin marubuta ba, kai mata nawa masu fim suke da difiloma? Sannan me shugabannin kungiyoyin marubuta suka yi? Me masu wallafa littattafai suka yi wajen kawo karshen wannan matsala?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Amsa a nan ita ce babu shakka ko tantama, kungiyoyin marubuta da masu wallafa littattafai sun yi abin a zo a gani a cikin jama’arsu, an yi tarukan kara wa juna sani, an fadakar da marubuta dabarun yin rubutu da rabe-raben Hausa, a Kano. An yi taron kasa da kasa a birnin Yamai a cikin shekarar 2006, sai kuma Sokoto an yi a cikin wannan shekara ta 2008, badi kuma in Allah ya kai mu 2009 za a yi a Katsina.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Har ila yau, kungiyoyin marubuta ne a jihar Kano suka fara hana sayar da wani littafi wanda ake ganin yana dauke da batsa, kuma sun sha shawartar marubuta da su cire duk wani abu da ake ganin zai zama barna ga jama’a, Allah ya sani kuma wadanda suka sani sun sani. Kuma kungiyoyin marubuta su suka fara dubawa da tace littattafansu da kansu a cikin shekarar 1997. Kungiyoyin marubutan nan dai su ne suke bayar da littattafansu a karanta a zo a yi musu taron gangami don a fito da kurakuran da mutum ya yi, don gaba ya kiyaye, wasu kuma kafin a buga littafin ake yi musu irin wannan taron gyara kayanka din. Sannan ga tarukan kalubale da ake yi a lokuta mabambanta a zaunar da marubuta, masu karatu su yi musu tambayoyi su fito musu da kura-kuransu a fili, kuma marubutan su amsa kai tsaye.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Bayan haka kuma kungiyar masu bugawa da wallafa littattafai su ne su fito da dokar hana sanya hotunan da ba na Hausawa ba a bangwayen littattafai, kuma an amsa har yanzu da wannan doka ake amfani. Idan Bahuri duk bai san wadannan ba, to ya tambayi na kusa da shi a cikin marubutan Kano, na san ba zai rasa samun abokai wadanda suka san ire-iren wadannan abubuwa ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Batun Hukumar A Daidaita Sahu, ai abin a bayyane yake, kungiyoyin marubutan dai da ka dauka jahilai su aka fara gayyatowa suka rubuta wa hukamar littattafai guda goma sha bakwai, kuma ka san sau nawa hukamar ta shirya taron jinjinawa da yabawa da kuma cin abinci ga marubutan wadannan kungiyoyi? In ba ka sani ba ka shiga fagen bincike.<br />Ga sunayen littattafan da marubutanmu suka rubuta musu:<br />1. ‘Yar Bahaushe<br />2. A Dalilin Talla<br />3. Algus<br />4. Da Muguwar Rawa…<br />5. Garin Banza<br />6. Hadarin Kaka<br />7. Himma Ba Ta Ga Raggo<br />8. Kantafi<br />9. Karkon Dabino<br />10. Kowa Ya Yi Nagari…<br />11. Kowag gyara Ya Sani<br />12. Mugun Ji<br />13. Tarbiyyar Iyali<br />14. Tsuntsun Da Ya Ja Ruwa<br />15. Wanzamin Bono<br />16. Ceto ko cuta?<br />17. Jiki Ya Fi Kunne Ji </div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify">Game da kona littattafai da hukumar ta yi, a nan ma wata siyasa ce ta gwamnati, wadda in ba ka san ta ba babu yadda za ka yi ka gane ta, sai a yi ta wasa da hankalinka, kai da kake ganin kana da ilmi. A wannan lokaci da abin ya faru ga abin da Farfesa Abdalla Uba Adamu ya bayyana a wata hira da aka yi da shi a jaridar Leadership Hausa, in da yake cewa ‘Amma ko da sun aikata laifi, konawar ba shi ne mafita ba – domin konawar zai jawowa gwamnati wata matsala inda za a funskance ta a kan maras son ci gaban al’uma. Sannan kuma za a iya kwatanta wannan da ire-iren abubuwan da gwamnatin Taliban ta yi a Maris 2001 na dandake gumakan Buddha, wadanda sun fi shekaru dubu a kasar, har ma duniya ta dauke su a matsayin jarin al’adun al’ummatan duniya. Manazarta sun yi kuka da lamarin da nuni da cewa duk da wadannan gumakan na kafirci ne, wanda kuma ya saba wa gwamnatin Taliban ta wancan lokacin, amma adana su na da humimmanci wajen tattara tarihin dan Adam da nuni da yadda rayuwarsa ta gabata, wannan ma kadai zai hana a sake yunkurin bauta musu domin da ganinsu ka ga sakakkun abubuwa wadanda ba su cancanci a bauta musu ba. Af, ji nake ita dai wannan hukumar mai kona littattafai, ita ce ta gayyaci marubutan a 2005, ta ba su kwangilar rubuta irin wanda hukumar ke so? Sai yanzu ne kuma za su ce wadannan mutanen lalatattu ne? Ashe ka ga da sake kenan’.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma wani abu da zai ba ka mamaki har ka fara gane akwai siyasa a cikin kona littattafan shi ne, da muka nemi sanin sunayen littattafan da aka kona sai aka kasa samin wanda zai ba mu su, sai aka shiga kame-kame, ana cewa ba a rubuta sunayensu ba an dai je kasuwa an sayo kamar guda hamsin an karanta an ga goma suna da batsa, karshe dai da aka ba mu sunayen littattafan, cikin sunayen sai aka ba mu har da wadanda ba su fito kasuwa ba, wani littafin ma ana buga shi ne kadan-kadan a cikin wata mujalla, don haka ka ga akwai wata manufa ke nan.<br />4. Ka ce ‘A yau basirar ka ta isa ta daga ka, ba wai da kwalin difiloma ko digiri ba, an wuce bautar satifiket, don ko a yau wanda ya fi kowa kudi a duniya kirkira mafita ya yi a kwamfutance, a haka madugu Bill gates ya yi tazara…..Shin wane tasiri rubutun marubutan Hausa yake yi?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Amsarka a nan mai sauki ce, domin wannan maganar ta warware ta baya da kake cewa ‘Mutane nawa ne suke da digiri a cikin marubutan? Da kyar in sun kai mutane 30’ ashe takardar digiri ko difiloma ba su ne masu bayar da komai ga marubuci ba, basira ce da Allah yake bai wa wanda ya so a cikin bayinsa ko?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Don haka in har mutum yana da basirar rubutu ashe ba a maganar takardar shaida, tun da babu wata makaranta a duniyar nan da ake cusa basirar rubutu a kwakwalwar da’adam, sai dai a ce ana koyar da dabarun rubutu, don wanda bai da fasahar rubutun kagaggun labarai ko ka koya masa ba zai yi shi ba komai ilminsa, shi rubutu baiwace, kuma marubuci dan baiwa ne, haihuwarsa ake yi ba yin sa ake ba.<br />Allah Madaukakin sarki Yana cewa:<br />“Yana ba da hikima ga wanda Ya so, kuma duk wanda Ya ba wa hikima Ya ba shi alheri mai yawa. Kuma ba kowa ke tunawa ba sai ma’abota hankula”. (Suratul Bakara aya ta 269).<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma a matsayin ka na mai ilmi ya kamata ka san cewa an yi marubuta a fadin duniyar nan wadanda ba su yi zurfin karatu ba amma daukakar su ta kai kololuwa a duniya, wasu marubutan ma sai sun shahara sannan suke samun damar su yi karatu mai zurfi.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma ko an ki ko an so marubutan Hausa na zamani sun bayar da gudummawa sosai wajen bunkasa adabi, domin daga rubuce-rubucen da suka yi ne wasu suka fara koyon karatu da rubutu, wasu suka gyara halayensu na zamantakewar yau da kullum, a cikin gida ne, wato mata da mazajensu ko kuma a waje maza da abokan mu’amalarsu. Saboda karatun da wasu suka dinga yi ne suke fahimce yadda in sun sami kansu a cikin matsala ga yadda za su bi su warware ta. Kai akwai abubuwa da dama wadanda in za a tsay kawo su suna iya cinye mana shafukan.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Muna sane da cewa duk jama’ar da ta rasa marubta a cikinta, ba za su sami cigaba ba, harshensu ba zai daukaka ba, kuma ba za a san su a ko’ina ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Don haka Yana da kyau mu fahimci cewa marubuci na da matukar muhimmaci ga duk al'ummar da yake zaune a ciki domin kuwa kadara ne ga wannan al'umma kuma yana iya jawo wani ci gaba da alkalaminsa. Marubuci yana da matukar muhimmanci da tasiri ga al’umma, saboda haka ya wajaba a kan al'ummar da ta sami marubuci a cikinta ta yi kokarin jawo ra'ayinsa ko yin tasiri a kan tunaninsa don ya yi rubutu na kwarai.<br />5. Ka ce ‘A cikin marubutan Hausa na wannan zamanin akwai Yahudawa, Dagutai da Fir’auna<br />6. Ka ce ‘wasu marubutan ba sa rubutu sai sun sha wiwi’<br />7. Ka ce ‘Hakika akwai Mala’iku a cikin marubuta<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Idan muka bibiyi wadannan bayanai naka za mu fahimci lallai ba marubutan littafan zamani ne ke shan wiwi kafin su yi rubutu ba, kai ne kake shan wiwi kafin ka yi rubutu, domin in ba dan wiwi ba yaya za ka daddage ka dinga zagin mutane, ai a fagen ilmi ba a zagi sai dai a bayyanar da hujjoji, amma kai da yake dama ba abin da kake son yi ba kenan, cin zarafi ka yi niyyar yi sai ka rufe idonka ka yi ta zagin ‘yan’uwanka, amma kada ka manta komai ka ce wa ‘yan’uwanka kai ma yana kanka, domin ka yi rubutun nan kuma kana kan yi, sannan ba a canza wa tuwo suna. Idan ma sa ka aka yi ka yi wannan rubutun don a ga wallen ‘yan’uwanka marubuta, to ya kamata ka sani, komai daren dadewa wadanda suka sa ka za su bar kujerar da suke kai, kuma za ku raba hanya ka zo ka ci gaba da zama tare da mu.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Shin don marubuta sun ce ba su yarda da a yi musu rijista a daidaikunsa ba shi ne laifi?<br />Dokoki nawa suka bi a can baya?<br /></div><div align="justify">Wadanne masu sana’a ne suka karbi dokokin wannan hukuma hannun biyu-biyu kamar marubutan?<br />1. Kamfanonin dab’I sun yi rijista da hukumar<br />2. Kungiyoyi sun yi<br />3. Sannan marubuta suna kai littattafansu a duba a yi musu gyara<br />4. Abu na hudu wato rijista daidaiku shi ne ba mu yi na’ama da shi ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Sai ka je kai kadai an tace ka an ba ka takardar shaidar kai kana da basirar rubutu sannan za ka yi rubutu a Kano, in ba haka ba a kama ka a kulle, don kawai ana takama da mulki da kuma danniya da zalunci da tauye hakkin Dan’Adam. Shin a duniya a wace kasa ake irin wannan, wai sai an tantance ka an yi maka rijista kai kadai, sannan kake da ikon yin rubutu? Amma kila Buhari zai taimaka ya kawo mana sunayen kasashen da ake yin haka, a matsayinsa na mai ilmi, kuma malamin makaranta.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Mu a saninmu shi ne aikin da ka yi ake so a tantance, kuma mun yarda a duba a gyara in ma ba a yarda da shi ba a hana shi fitowa kasuwa. Don haka duk abin da marubuci ya rubuta a littafinsa ya san da cewa akwai tacewa a gaba tana jiran sa.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kungiyar ‘yan jaridu ta kasa NUJ, ba sa yin rijista a daidaikunsu, a dunkule kungiyarsu take yin rijista a madadin ‘ya’yanta, haka nan kungiyar lauyoyi (NBA) ko ta likitoci watau (NMA) balle irin su ASUU. Da dai sauran makamantansu.<br /><br /></div><div align="justify">Mun tabbatar wadannan dokoki da aka dora wa marubuta akwai son zuciya a ciki, kuma akwai takamar ni ina da karfin danne duk wanda na ga dama, amma kada fa a manta kafin wannan zamanin an yi azzalumai da dama sun yi yayinsu sun kare, tarihi kuma yana nan yana tunawa da irin zaluncin da suka tafka wa jama’arsu, kuma tarihi ba zai kyale su ba sai ya rubuta su ya ajiye.<br />Wani mawaki Sani Yusuf Ayagi ga abin da yake cewa a cikin wakarsa ta Alkalami Ya Fi Takobi:<br /><br />Al-kalami mai hagun da dama,<br />Mai haske ga duhu ku duba.<br /><br />Mai zaki alkalam da daci,<br />Ko ba ku san me nake nufi ba.<br /><br />Ai ma’ana gaskiya da karya,<br />Babu guda wadda bai iya ba.<br /><br />In ya so yanzu ai zumunci,<br />Sai ya matsa can ya kulla gaba<br /><br />In an so, sai a kulla yaki,<br />Ku hargitse ba da kun sani ba.<br /><br />Da shi masoya ka daukaka,<br />Da sun rubuta ba a musa ba.<br /><br />Da shi akan sa a kassara ka,<br />Da dai ba ka kara daukaka ba.<br /><br />Da an rubuta ana yabonka<br />Ko kai sata ba a sani ba.<br /><br />Da shi sukan bata dan’ adam kaf,<br />Akan abin shi dai sani ba.<br /><br /></div><div align="justify">Ba mu ce marubuta ba sa yin kuskure a rubuce-rubucensu ba, ai mutane ne su, tara suke ba su cika goma ba, amma sun yi na’am da a yi musu gyara a duk wani rubutu da suka yi, sai kuma me?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Saboda haka, ina ba Buhari Daure shawara, in yana afka ‘a-rungumi-zaki’ ya daina, in kuma wani abu na damunsa, to ya roki Allah ya yaye masa. Buhari yaro ne mai hazaka, don Allah kada ka bata rawarka da tsalle. Ka maida hankali wurin yin rubuce-rubucenka na ilmi kada ka shiga baragada.</div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-40665110035707738802008-08-02T15:57:00.001+01:002008-11-19T07:34:03.965+01:00<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lNzVQgsZpiY/SJR4dgvkFJI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/SG2a0XZSHic/s1600-h/consultant+Unesco+Bamako,+Virginie+unesco+Bamako,+Dr.+Garba+and+Ado.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229937515684959378" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lNzVQgsZpiY/SJR4dgvkFJI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/SG2a0XZSHic/s320/consultant+Unesco+Bamako,+Virginie+unesco+Bamako,+Dr.+Garba+and+Ado.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div></div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-8389135472443699502008-08-02T07:40:00.014+01:002008-08-23T06:26:26.605+01:00MARUBUTAN HAUSA BA JAHILAI NE BA<div align="justify">Masu iya magana suna cewa, idan hankali ya bata hankali ake sawa ya nemo shi, kuma mayar da martani cikin fushi babu abin da yake haifar wa mai yin sa illa aiwatar da kuskure, shi ya sa ake cewa kada ka mayar da martani a cikin fushi, kuma gagggawa tana daga aikin shaidan. </div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify">Na karanta rubutun Malam Buhari Daure, wanda aka buga a cikin jaridar Leadership Hausa ta ranar Juma’a 25-31 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekara ta 2008, kuma abin akwai ban mamaki kwarai da gaske a ce a matsayin Buhari na marubuci kuma mai hankali da ilmi da karatu, wanda yake ganin marubuta ba su da ilmi kuma mai ganin marubuta ‘yan’uwansa a matsayin ‘mahaukata ‘yan banza ‘yan iska’ kamar yadda ya rubata a takardarsa, a sakin layi na bakwai, layi na karshe.</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Na yi zaton zai dauki kanun bayaninsa guda daya kamar yadda ya yi wa takardar take da cewa ‘MARUBUTA A KAN SIKELI’, amma sai ya shiga kame-kame yana hado tsaba da tsakuwa, yana yin wake da shinkafa, sannan kuma yana bayar da bayani yana kuma karyata kansa da kansa, ko kuma mu ce yana yin amai yana lashewa, sannan maganar tana kama da tafiyar gwamen jaki. E haka ne mana, ai ga duk wanda ya karanta bayanin nasa zai ga wuraren da ya yi magana amma ya rusa ta da kansa.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Ba so nake in yi dogon bayani ba, don ba so nake in bas hi amsar duk wasu abubuwa day a yi Magana ba illa ina so in dauki wasu wurare in ba shi amsa, sauran wasu sa bas hi amsa, don gudun kada in maimata irin abin da ya yi a rubutunsa, domin an ce ‘mafi alherin magana shi ne abin da ya karanta kuma ya shiryar, bai yi tsayi ba balle ya kosar’<br />1. Sakin layi na goma, ya bayyana cewa ‘ana maganar Hausa a majalisar dinkin duniya, zaune tare da Faransanci da Larabci da Turanci’.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Abin tambaya me kake nufi da ana yin maganar Hausa a majalisar dinkin duniya?<br />2. Sakin layi na goma sha daya, ya bayyana cewa ’Kalli irin takardar da ake buga wasu littattafan da kwalayen da ake buga bangon, kai wata takardar ko kosai da tsire ba za su iya zama a cikin ta ba, to ta yaya wadannan littattafan za su je Abuja ko Yamai balle Legas, bayan ba su da lamba?’<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">A tunanina da can, na yi zaton Buhari ya fahimci kyan bugun littafi da takarda da kwali mai kyau ba su ne kyan littafi ba, a a, kyan abin da ke cikin littafi shi ne muhimmi, domin kana iya samun littafi ya samu bugu da takarda mai kyau amma abin da ya kunsa ba shi da kyau, wannan ya zama kyan dan miciji kenan. Haka nan yawan shafuka, su ma ba su ne muhimman ababen dubawa ba, abin da ke ciki shi ne abin lura kawai, amma fa ban sani ba shi a wajen sa, mene ne kyan littafi?.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma batun Yaya wadannan littattafan za su je Abuja ko Yamai balle Legas, bayan ba su da lamba?’<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Amsa a nan ita ce, ya je ingila wajen Divid Hogarth, zai iske yana sayar da wadannan littattafai ta hanyar aika wa ta gidan waya, kuma duk shekara yana zuwa Nijeriya, musamman Kano ya sayi wadannan littattafai na marubutan da Buhari ya dauka a matsayin ‘mahaukata ‘yan banza ‘yan iska’, sannan ya je Yamai kasuwar ‘Giran marshe’ wato babbar kasuwa, zai iske ana sayar da wadannan littattafai, balle kuma Abuja ko Legas. Kai ba ma nan ba, ya ma je Library of Congress ko British Library da dakunan karatu na manyan jami’o’I na Ingila da Amurka da Jamus da sauran kasashen duniya, zai ga littattafan kuma ba kyauta muka bas u ba. Don haka rashin lamba ba ita ce za ta hana su zuwa ko’ina ba, tuni sun je inda Buhari bai sani ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Sannan kuma kana iya zuwa jami’ar SOAS da ke Landan inda Farfesa Graham Furniss yake, za ka iske littattafan Hausa na zamani har guda 1835, an adana su an kauwame su, don masu neman ilmi, kuma an bude musu yanar gizo mai adireshi kamar haka: <a href="http://hausa.soas.ac.uk/">http://hausa.soas.ac.uk/</a>/ har ila yau kuma, shi dai Farfesa Graham Furniss tare da Dr. Malami Buba sun rubuta littafi mai suna Bibliography of Hausa Popular Fiction 1987-2002, wanda kamfanin Rudiger Koppe Verlag Koln suka buga a kasar Jamus, a shekarar 2004. Yawan shafukan littafin 179. Kuma za ka iske har da naka littattafan guda biyu, Zakanya, wanda aka ba shi lamba 643, wanda kamfani Mashi, Kano suka buga shi a shekarar 2001, yana da shafuka 42, sai kuma Karnukan Farauta, wanda aka ba shi lamba 653, wanda kamfanin Gizo, Kano suka buga shi a shekarar 2001, yana da shafuka 116. Don haka tunanin da kake yi da kuma bayananka iya fahimtarka ne da kuma inda ka sani ne kawai a game da wadannan litattafai da kuma marubutansu.<br />3. Sakin layi na goma sha uku, ya bayyana cewa ‘Mutane nawa ne suke da digiri a cikin marubutan? Da kyar in sun kai mutane 30, balle a ‘yan fim wadanda ba su kai rabin marubuta ba, kai mata nawa masu fim suke da difiloma? Sannan me shugabannin kungiyoyin marubuta suka yi? Me masu wallafa littattafai suka yi wajen kawo karshen wannan matsala?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Amsa a nan ita ce babu shakka ko tantama, kungiyoyin marubuta da masu wallafa littattafai sun yi abin a zo a gani a cikin jama’arsu, an yi tarukan kara wa juna sani, an fadakar da marubuta dabarun yin rubutu da rabe-raben Hausa, a Kano. An yi taron kasa da kasa a birnin Yamai a cikin shekarar 2006, sai kuma Sokoto an yi a cikin wannan shekara ta 2008, badi kuma in Allah ya kai mu 2009 za a yi a Katsina.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Har ila yau, kungiyoyin marubuta ne a jihar Kano suka fara hana sayar da wani littafi wanda ake ganin yana dauke da batsa, kuma sun sha shawartar marubuta da su cire duk wani abu da ake ganin zai zama barna ga jama’a, Allah ya sani kuma wadanda suka sani sun sani. Kuma kungiyoyin marubuta su suka fara dubawa da tace littattafansu da kansu a cikin shekarar 1997. Kungiyoyin marubutan nan dai su ne suke bayar da littattafansu a karanta a zo a yi musu taron gangami don a fito da kurakuran da mutum ya yi, don gaba ya kiyaye, wasu kuma kafin a buga littafin ake yi musu irin wannan taron gyara kayanka din. Sannan ga tarukan kalubale da ake yi a lokuta mabambanta a zaunar da marubuta, masu karatu su yi musu tambayoyi su fito musu da kura-kuransu a fili, kuma marubutan su amsa kai tsaye.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Bayan haka kuma kungiyar masu bugawa da wallafa littattafai su ne su fito da dokar hana sanya hotunan da ba na Hausawa ba a bangwayen littattafai, kuma an amsa har yanzu da wannan doka ake amfani. Idan Bahuri duk bai san wadannan ba, to ya tambayi na kusa da shi a cikin marubutan Kano, na san ba zai rasa samun abokai wadanda suka san ire-iren wadannan abubuwa ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Batun Hukumar A Daidaita Sahu, ai abin a bayyane yake, kungiyoyin marubutan dai da ka dauka jahilai su aka fara gayyatowa suka rubuta wa hukamar littattafai guda goma sha bakwai, kuma ka san sau nawa hukamar ta shirya taron jinjinawa da yabawa da kuma cin abinci ga marubutan wadannan kungiyoyi? In ba ka sani ba ka shiga fagen bincike.<br />Ga sunayen littattafan da marubutanmu suka rubuta musu:<br />1. ‘Yar Bahaushe<br />2. A Dalilin Talla<br />3. Algus<br />4. Da Muguwar Rawa…<br />5. Garin Banza<br />6. Hadarin Kaka<br />7. Himma Ba Ta Ga Raggo<br />8. Kantafi<br />9. Karkon Dabino<br />10. Kowa Ya Yi Nagari…<br />11. Kowag gyara Ya Sani<br />12. Mugun Ji<br />13. Tarbiyyar Iyali<br />14. Tsuntsun Da Ya Ja Ruwa<br />15. Wanzamin Bono<br />16. Ceto ko cuta?<br />17. Jiki Ya Fi Kunne Ji </div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify">Game da kona littattafai da hukumar ta yi, a nan ma wata siyasa ce ta gwamnati, wadda in ba ka san ta ba babu yadda za ka yi ka gane ta, sai a yi ta wasa da hankalinka, kai da kake ganin kana da ilmi. A wannan lokaci da abin ya faru ga abin da Farfesa Abdalla Uba Adamu ya bayyana a wata hira da aka yi da shi a jaridar Leadership Hausa, in da yake cewa ‘Amma ko da sun aikata laifi, konawar ba shi ne mafita ba – domin konawar zai jawowa gwamnati wata matsala inda za a funskance ta a kan maras son ci gaban al’uma. Sannan kuma za a iya kwatanta wannan da ire-iren abubuwan da gwamnatin Taliban ta yi a Maris 2001 na dandake gumakan Buddha, wadanda sun fi shekaru dubu a kasar, har ma duniya ta dauke su a matsayin jarin al’adun al’ummatan duniya. Manazarta sun yi kuka da lamarin da nuni da cewa duk da wadannan gumakan na kafirci ne, wanda kuma ya saba wa gwamnatin Taliban ta wancan lokacin, amma adana su na da humimmanci wajen tattara tarihin dan Adam da nuni da yadda rayuwarsa ta gabata, wannan ma kadai zai hana a sake yunkurin bauta musu domin da ganinsu ka ga sakakkun abubuwa wadanda ba su cancanci a bauta musu ba. Af, ji nake ita dai wannan hukumar mai kona littattafai, ita ce ta gayyaci marubutan a 2005, ta ba su kwangilar rubuta irin wanda hukumar ke so? Sai yanzu ne kuma za su ce wadannan mutanen lalatattu ne? Ashe ka ga da sake kenan’.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma wani abu da zai ba ka mamaki har ka fara gane akwai siyasa a cikin kona littattafan shi ne, da muka nemi sanin sunayen littattafan da aka kona sai aka kasa samin wanda zai ba mu su, sai aka shiga kame-kame, ana cewa ba a rubuta sunayensu ba an dai je kasuwa an sayo kamar guda hamsin an karanta an ga goma suna da batsa, karshe dai da aka ba mu sunayen littattafan, cikin sunayen sai aka ba mu har da wadanda ba su fito kasuwa ba, wani littafin ma ana buga shi ne kadan-kadan a cikin wata mujalla, don haka ka ga akwai wata manufa ke nan.<br />4. Ka ce ‘A yau basirar ka ta isa ta daga ka, ba wai da kwalin difiloma ko digiri ba, an wuce bautar satifiket, don ko a yau wanda ya fi kowa kudi a duniya kirkira mafita ya yi a kwamfutance, a haka madugu Bill gates ya yi tazara…..Shin wane tasiri rubutun marubutan Hausa yake yi?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Amsarka a nan mai sauki ce, domin wannan maganar ta warware ta baya da kake cewa ‘Mutane nawa ne suke da digiri a cikin marubutan? Da kyar in sun kai mutane 30’ ashe takardar digiri ko difiloma ba su ne masu bayar da komai ga marubuci ba, basira ce da Allah yake bai wa wanda ya so a cikin bayinsa ko?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Don haka in har mutum yana da basirar rubutu ashe ba a maganar takardar shaida, tun da babu wata makaranta a duniyar nan da ake cusa basirar rubutu a kwakwalwar da’adam, sai dai a ce ana koyar da dabarun rubutu, don wanda bai da fasahar rubutun kagaggun labarai ko ka koya masa ba zai yi shi ba komai ilminsa, shi rubutu baiwace, kuma marubuci dan baiwa ne, haihuwarsa ake yi ba yin sa ake ba.<br />Allah Madaukakin sarki Yana cewa:<br />“Yana ba da hikima ga wanda Ya so, kuma duk wanda Ya ba wa hikima Ya ba shi alheri mai yawa. Kuma ba kowa ke tunawa ba sai ma’abota hankula”. (Suratul Bakara aya ta 269).<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma a matsayin ka na mai ilmi ya kamata ka san cewa an yi marubuta a fadin duniyar nan wadanda ba su yi zurfin karatu ba amma daukakar su ta kai kololuwa a duniya, wasu marubutan ma sai sun shahara sannan suke samun damar su yi karatu mai zurfi.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kuma ko an ki ko an so marubutan Hausa na zamani sun bayar da gudummawa sosai wajen bunkasa adabi, domin daga rubuce-rubucen da suka yi ne wasu suka fara koyon karatu da rubutu, wasu suka gyara halayensu na zamantakewar yau da kullum, a cikin gida ne, wato mata da mazajensu ko kuma a waje maza da abokan mu’amalarsu. Saboda karatun da wasu suka dinga yi ne suke fahimce yadda in sun sami kansu a cikin matsala ga yadda za su bi su warware ta. Kai akwai abubuwa da dama wadanda in za a tsay kawo su suna iya cinye mana shafukan.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Muna sane da cewa duk jama’ar da ta rasa marubta a cikinta, ba za su sami cigaba ba, harshensu ba zai daukaka ba, kuma ba za a san su a ko’ina ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Don haka Yana da kyau mu fahimci cewa marubuci na da matukar muhimmaci ga duk al'ummar da yake zaune a ciki domin kuwa kadara ne ga wannan al'umma kuma yana iya jawo wani ci gaba da alkalaminsa. Marubuci yana da matukar muhimmanci da tasiri ga al’umma, saboda haka ya wajaba a kan al'ummar da ta sami marubuci a cikinta ta yi kokarin jawo ra'ayinsa ko yin tasiri a kan tunaninsa don ya yi rubutu na kwarai.<br />5. Ka ce ‘A cikin marubutan Hausa na wannan zamanin akwai Yahudawa, Dagutai da Fir’auna<br />6. Ka ce ‘wasu marubutan ba sa rubutu sai sun sha wiwi’<br />7. Ka ce ‘Hakika akwai Mala’iku a cikin marubuta<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Idan muka bibiyi wadannan bayanai naka za mu fahimci lallai ba marubutan littafan zamani ne ke shan wiwi kafin su yi rubutu ba, kai ne kake shan wiwi kafin ka yi rubutu, domin in ba dan wiwi ba yaya za ka daddage ka dinga zagin mutane, ai a fagen ilmi ba a zagi sai dai a bayyanar da hujjoji, amma kai da yake dama ba abin da kake son yi ba kenan, cin zarafi ka yi niyyar yi sai ka rufe idonka ka yi ta zagin ‘yan’uwanka, amma kada ka manta komai ka ce wa ‘yan’uwanka kai ma yana kanka, domin ka yi rubutun nan kuma kana kan yi, sannan ba a canza wa tuwo suna. Idan ma sa ka aka yi ka yi wannan rubutun don a ga wallen ‘yan’uwanka marubuta, to ya kamata ka sani, komai daren dadewa wadanda suka sa ka za su bar kujerar da suke kai, kuma za ku raba hanya ka zo ka ci gaba da zama tare da mu.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Shin don marubuta sun ce ba su yarda da a yi musu rijista a daidaikunsa ba shi ne laifi?<br />Dokoki nawa suka bi a can baya?<br /></div><div align="justify">Wadanne masu sana’a ne suka karbi dokokin wannan hukuma hannun biyu-biyu kamar marubutan?<br />1. Kamfanonin dab’I sun yi rijista da hukumar<br />2. Kungiyoyi sun yi<br />3. Sannan marubuta suna kai littattafansu a duba a yi musu gyara<br />4. Abu na hudu wato rijista daidaiku shi ne ba mu yi na’ama da shi ba.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Sai ka je kai kadai an tace ka an ba ka takardar shaidar kai kana da basirar rubutu sannan za ka yi rubutu a Kano, in ba haka ba a kama ka a kulle, don kawai ana takama da mulki da kuma danniya da zalunci da tauye hakkin Dan’Adam. Shin a duniya a wace kasa ake irin wannan, wai sai an tantance ka an yi maka rijista kai kadai, sannan kake da ikon yin rubutu? Amma kila Buhari zai taimaka ya kawo mana sunayen kasashen da ake yin haka, a matsayinsa na mai ilmi, kuma malamin makaranta.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Mu a saninmu shi ne aikin da ka yi ake so a tantance, kuma mun yarda a duba a gyara in ma ba a yarda da shi ba a hana shi fitowa kasuwa. Don haka duk abin da marubuci ya rubuta a littafinsa ya san da cewa akwai tacewa a gaba tana jiran sa.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Kungiyar ‘yan jaridu ta kasa NUJ, ba sa yin rijista a daidaikunsu, a dunkule kungiyarsu take yin rijista a madadin ‘ya’yanta, haka nan kungiyar lauyoyi (NBA) ko ta likitoci watau (NMA) balle irin su ASUU. Da dai sauran makamantansu.<br /><br /></div><div align="justify">Mun tabbatar wadannan dokoki da aka dora wa marubuta akwai son zuciya a ciki, kuma akwai takamar ni ina da karfin danne duk wanda na ga dama, amma kada fa a manta kafin wannan zamanin an yi azzalumai da dama sun yi yayinsu sun kare, tarihi kuma yana nan yana tunawa da irin zaluncin da suka tafka wa jama’arsu, kuma tarihi ba zai kyale su ba sai ya rubuta su ya ajiye.<br />Wani mawaki Sani Yusuf Ayagi ga abin da yake cewa a cikin wakarsa ta Alkalami Ya Fi Takobi:<br /><br />Al-kalami mai hagun da dama,<br />Mai haske ga duhu ku duba.<br /><br />Mai zaki alkalam da daci,<br />Ko ba ku san me nake nufi ba.<br /><br />Ai ma’ana gaskiya da karya,<br />Babu guda wadda bai iya ba.<br /><br />In ya so yanzu ai zumunci,<br />Sai ya matsa can ya kulla gaba<br /><br />In an so, sai a kulla yaki,<br />Ku hargitse ba da kun sani ba.<br /><br />Da shi masoya ka daukaka,<br />Da sun rubuta ba a musa ba.<br /><br />Da shi akan sa a kassara ka,<br />Da dai ba ka kara daukaka ba.<br /><br />Da an rubuta ana yabonka<br />Ko kai sata ba a sani ba.<br /><br />Da shi sukan bata dan’ adam kaf,<br />Akan abin shi dai sani ba.<br /><br /></div><div align="justify">Ba mu ce marubuta ba sa yin kuskure a rubuce-rubucensu ba, ai mutane ne su, tara suke ba su cika goma ba, amma sun yi na’am da a yi musu gyara a duk wani rubutu da suka yi, sai kuma me?<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Saboda haka, ina ba Buhari Daure shawara, in yana afka ‘a-rungumi-zaki’ ya daina, in kuma wani abu na damunsa, to ya roki Allah ya yaye masa. Buhari yaro ne mai hazaka, don Allah kada ka bata rawarka da tsalle. Ka maida hankali wurin yin rubuce-rubucenka na ilmi kada ka shiga baragada.</div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-8086656898688815872008-01-01T04:54:00.000+01:002008-01-01T05:01:22.884+01:00Tasirin Labaran Soyayya ga Al’umma, Musamman ta Hausawa<div align="justify"><em><strong><span style="font-family:arial;">Wannan ce Mukalar da na Fara Gabatarwa a Rayuwata Cikin Harkar Adabi<br /></span></strong></em><br /><strong>An Gabatar da Wannan Takarda a Taron Kara wa Juna Ilimi Mai Taken “Rubutu Don Al’umma’’ Wanda Kungiyar “Writers Forum” ta Gudanar Ranar Lahadi 2/12/1992, A Majalisar Matasa ta Fagge, Kano.<br /></strong><br /><strong>1.0 Gabatarwa<br /></strong>Godiya ta tabbata ga Allah mai kowa mai komai, wanda yake sanar da dan’adam abin da bai sani ba, ya kuma ba shi baiwa da hikima ta yadda zai ji dadin sarrafa rayuwarsa. Sannan ya hore wa wasu daga cikinsu hange a kan al’amuran da kan je su komo, su yi amfani da basirarsu su fadakar da al’ummar da suke ciki. Tsira da aminci su tabbata ga shugaban manzanni cikamakin Annabawa, manzon rahama, sallallahu alaihi wasallama.<br /><br />Kamar yadda aka bukaci in gabatar da mukala mai taken ‘Tasirin Labaran Soyayya da na Jarumta ga Al’umma’ Hakika wannan abu babba ne musamman ta kallon marrar da muke ciki a yanzu. Labaran soyayya da na jarumta, fagage ne masu yalwar gaske da za su bukaci dogon lokaci, idan ana so a ba kowane daga cikinsu gamsasshen bayani bisa hakkinsa. Don samun saukin fayyace bayanansu dalla-dalla bisa gwargwadon iko da na lokaci, na dauki sashe daya da nufin magana a kansa, wato batun da wannan takarda ta karkata a kansa yanzu shi ne ‘Tasirin Labaran Soyayya ga Al’umma, Musamman ta Hausawa’<br /><br />Tasiri dai yana karkata ne bisa ma’ana ga ire-iren canjin da wani abu ya kawo ko ya haifar a kan wani abu. Nason wani abu ne a kan wani abu domin haka Bahaushe yake cewa, zama da madaukin kanwa shi ke kawo farin kai, to, burbushin saukar danshin kanwar nan kan wanda ke kusa da mai daukarta shi ne tasiri a takaice. Tasiri yana iya zama mai amfani, nagartacce ko akasin. Ita wannan takarda za ta karkata ne ga fito da tasirin da rubuce-rubucen labaran soyayya kan haifar wajen inganta ko hannunka mai sanda ga dangogin rayuwa a al’ummar Hausawa. An bi zancen tunanin wannan batu daki-daki, bisa matakai kamar haka:<br /><br /><strong>2.1 Ma’anar Soyayya<br /></strong>Soyayya aba ce mai wuya, mai rikitarwa, mai kuma dadi, saboda haka kowa ya tashi ba da ma’anarta zai fadi gwargwadon fahimtarsa da ita. Mutane da dama sun yi mata fassara kamar haka: Kawa zuci ko tsananin kauna da bukatar kusanta ga wani mutum ko wani abu daban. Shi kuma so wata iska ce mai kadawa wadda take babu wani dan’adam da bai shake ta ba. Tilas ne kowane mahaluki ya kasance yana da dabi’ar son wani abu a ransa, wanda galibi son nan yakan tsananta har ta kai idan bai sami abin nan ba ya fada cikin wani hali ko kuma ya kasance ya sami abin amma yana gani a hana shi saboda wasu dalilai (Sa’idu, 1982).<br /><br />Ga ra’ayin wani kuma abin da yake cewa, Bahaushe na asali na iya fahimta kalmar so da cewa, kauna ko sha’awa. Amma ma’ana ta fahimta na iya bayyana SO da cewa, wani maganadisu ne da yake yawo a jinin mutum, a duk lokacin da ya yi arba da abin da ya shiga raywarsa sai wannan maganadisu ko ‘ya’yan halitta su sakar masa kauna ko sha’awa ko kma ra’ayi zuwa ga wannan abu. Wasu na ganin cewa soyayya kamar cuta ce mai sosa zuciya, kuma takan yi ale-ale, wato kane-kane a gadon zuciyar mutum, tun ma ba in ya yi kacibis da abin da zai iya sa lale marhaban a dukkan bangaren hankalin dan’adam ba, dada (wato) mutum ne ko dabba ko akasin su. Amma da za ka tambayi mutumin yau dangane da ma’anar soyayya ba mamaki ya ce da kai ana nufin wata mace ta share fage ta kwanta har ma ta yi kwai ta kyankyashe a filin farfajiyar zuciyar wani mutum ko akasin haka. Gaba daya soyayya wani tsuntsu ne da ke dauke da iskar sha’awa da ra’ayi da kauna wanda kuma ke zirga-zirga tsakanin samari da ‘yan mata (Aliyu, 1990).<br /><br />Wasu kuma suna fassara soyayya da cewa, wata aba ce ta farin ciki da ke shiga cikin zuciyar mutum, ta yi kaka-gida, a sakamakon haka sai mutum ya ji yana cike da farin ciki. Hatta a tsakanin dabbobi ko tsuntsaye ma ana samun soyayya.<br /><br /><strong>2.1 Mene ne Labarin Soyayya?<br /></strong>Tun da mun ji wasu fassarori a kan ma’anar soyayya, bari kuma mu juya ga bayyana shi kansa labarin soyayya. A halin yanzu da an ji an ambaci labarin soyayya, watakila nan da nan za a tuna cewa ko ana nufin labaran da matasan yanzu suka fi so a zuciyarsu fiye da kowane labari. Labari wani abin da aka rawaito ne mai dan tsawo cikin shafuka da ya wuce, aka gina shi bisa gaskiya ko akasinta. Shi labarin soyayya shi ne abin da yake wakana tsakanin saurayi da budurwa, ko mata da miji, ko ko?.<br /><br />Bisa abin da masana labarai suke cewa, rubutattun labaran soyayya shiryayyun zantuka ne da yawanci akan kaga, ko aka kara wa gishiri, da ake shinfidawa a fasalin zube ko wasa ta bin babi-babi ko fitowa-fitowa ko kashi-kashi, cikin azanci da ke dauke da wani salo na musamman zuwa ga al’ummar da aka rubuta shi dominta. Daga cikin ire-iren rubutattun labaran soyayya da akwai:<br />So Aljannar Duniya<br />Amadi Na Malam Ama<br />Mallakin Zuciyata<br />Idan So Cuta Ne<br />Budurwar Zuciya<br />Kogin Soyayya<br />Kaddara Ta Riga Fata<br />Rabin Raina<br />In Da Rai<br />Soyayya Gamon Jini<br />Soyayya Dankon Zumunci<br />Amintacciyar Soyayya<br />In Da Alkawari<br />So Marurun Zuciya<br />Son Maso Wani<br />In Da So Da Kauna<br />Da sauransu<br /><br /><br /><strong>2.2 Tubalin Ginin Labarin Soyayya<br /></strong>Idan aka ce Tubalin gina labari, to ana nufin wani muhimmin abu wanda idan babu shi a labari, to labarin ba zai yi armashi ko dadi ba, kuma rashin sa zai sa a kasa cim ma manufar da ake son gina labarin a kai, shi ma labarin soyayya , kamar kowane irin labari, yana da wadansu tubala da ake amfani da su wajen gina shi, wadanda idan babu su labari ba zai zama labarin soyayya ba, wato ba a za cim ma babbar manufa ba.<br /><br />Kamar yadda aka sani soyayya ta kasu iri-iri, kamar yadda take wakana tsakanin saurayi da budurwa ko miji da mata ko ‘ya’ya da mahaifinsu da sauransu. To amma duk haka babbar manufarsu (jigo) da ya ce wato soyayya, sai dai kananan jigoginsu wadanda a kansu ne babban jigon ya ta’allaka, sun sha bamban da juna wadannan kananan jigogi kuma su ne ake kira tubalan gina babban jigo. To amma duk da haka a iya kawo wadannan jigogi a dunkule tun da yake babban jigonsu daya ne (soyayya) wato kenan a dunkule a iya bayyana tubalan ginin labarin soyayya musamman tsakanin mace da namiji kamar haka:<br />• Sunayen mutane da suka dace (taurari)<br />• Siffanta mata masu kyan hali da kyawun halitta<br />• Bayyana irin mataye ko mazajen da mafi yawan mutane suka fi sha’awa<br />• Bayyana kyawawan halaye na iyaye da ’ya’yansu<br />• Tunani<br />• Biyayya<br />• Fito da abubuwan da namiji ya fi son mace ta yi masa<br />• Fito da abubuwan da mace ta fi son namiji ya yi mata<br />• Fito da abubuwan da ke faruwa a rayuwa ta zahiri dangane da soyayya<br />• Amfani da kalmomin soyayya masu dadi da faranta zuciya<br />• Halayyar wurin da labarin zai wakana<br />• Da sauransu.<br /><br /><strong>2.3.0 Amfani/Muhimmancin Labarin Soyayya ga Al’umma<br /></strong>Daga jin bayanin matsayin labarin soyayya ga al’umma, an san amfaninsa ma ga al’umma ba kadan ba ne. Amma duk da haka za a yi kokari a wannan mukala a bayyana kadan daga cikin amfaninsa ko muhimmancinsa ga al’umma musamman al’ummarmu ta Hausawa.<br /><br />Alal hakika al’umma kan amfana sosai da karanta ko sauraron labarin soyayya. A takaice dai ga yadda aka karkasa ire-iren wannan amfani da al’umma kan samu a sakamakon karanta ko sauraron labarin soyayya a wannan mukala:<br />• Bunkasa tunani<br />• Karfafa dankon zumunci<br />• Cusa wa mai sauraro ko mai karatun farin ciki<br />• Tausayi<br />• Jarumta<br />• Dauriya/hakuri<br />• Son karatun Hausa da bunkasa Harshen<br /><br /><strong>2.3.1 Bunkasa Tunani<br /></strong>Akan sami wani abu ko wasu mutane su yi kokarin hana mutum samun wani abu da yake matukar so(ko kuma raba masoya) a sakamakon haka sai ka ga mutum ya ya shiga tunanin ire-iren hanyoyin da ya kamata ya bi don ganin bai rasa wannan abin da yake so ba. Akwai kuma wadanda ba su san hanyoyin da za su bi su nemo ko su sami wadansu abubuwa da suke so ba, musamman idan akwai masu yi musu kafar ungulu a wannan kokari nasa, ire-iren labarun soyayya da suke karantawa ko sauraro ne suke taimaka musu wajen warware matsalolin da suke addabar su dangane da soyayya, musamman tsakanin da namiji ko saurayi da budurwa ko miji da mata. Domin a labari za a yi musu bayanin wasu matsaloli makamantan nasu da kuma hanyoyin da aka bi aka warware su. Ta haka ne al’aumma kan bi su fadada tunaninsu ta hanyar karanta ko sauraron labarun soyayya.<br /><br /><strong>2.3.2 Karfafa Dankon Zumunci<br /></strong>Kamar yadda wani dan’uwa ya kira littafinsa da sunan ‘Soyayya Dankon Zumunci’ Hakika haka ne, kuma labarin soyayya yana karfafa dankon zumunci. Idan muka duba yadda samari da ‘yan mata suke musayar littattafai a junansu, haka kawa da kawa, ko kuma aboki da aboki, a duk lokacin da wata kawa ko aboki ya ari littafi da wuya a ce wani bai ara ya karanta ba, da sannu in dai ana aron littattafai ga wannan mutum wata rana takanas zai nemi a hada shi abota da mai littafin domin ya dinga ara a wajensa kai tsaye, a nan da tafiya ta yi nisa sai zumunci ya karfafa, abota ta kullu, kowa ya san labarin soyayya ne sanadiyyar wannan zumunci. Haka kuma idan saurayi ne yake bai wa budurwa aron littafin labarin soyayya, da sannu dankon zumunci zai karfafa tsakaninsu, mai yiwuwa ma nan gaba su zama masoya, in da rabo ma su zama ma’auratan juna, a nan ba wani abu ne mujaza ba sai labarin soyayya.<br /><br /><strong>2.3.3 Cusa wa Mai Sauraro ko Mai Karatun Farin Ciki<br /></strong>Da yawa marubuta labarin soyayya suna samun takardun yabo da godiya daga wajen makaranta littattafansu saboda jin dadi da farin ciki da ya dabaibaye su sakamakon karanta wani littafi da suka yi. Wasun su suna cewa, ire-iren wadannan labaru suna zamar musu tamkar ruwan wankin duk wani bacin rai da suka sami kansu a ciki. Haka su ma masu sauraro a kafafen yada labarai, har dauka suke yi a ‘kaset’ su ajiye da zarar wani bacin rai ya same su su kunna don su sami sa’ida a zuciya.<br /><br />Bayan haka kuma, kafin ire-iren wadannan littattafai su wadata ko kuma mu ce kafin a same su da yawa, matasa (maza da mata) ba su san yadda za su yi magana da junansu ba, musamman ma maza tun da dama su aka sani suna fara ambata soyayya ga mata, kuma ba su san yadda za su tsara musu wasikar soyayya ba, balle har t a kai ga yin waka, wanda kuma wannan abu biyu yana daga cikin hanyoyin da ake kama zuciyar wanda ake so (namiji ko mace) sannan kuma wani lokaci za a sami saurayi da budurwa sun yi aure amma ba su fahimci juna ba, wata kila saboda jin kunyar juna ko kuma daman can yarinya ba ta son sa, ko kuma shi ba ya son ta, amma saboda wasu dalilai kawai sai a hada su, idan ba a yi sa’a ba yana shiga dakin ta fito, in ya fito ta koma, haka za su yi ta zaman doya da man ja, amma a yanzu saboda tasirin da labarin soyayya ya yi ga al’umma an fara samun damar fahimtar juna sakamakon karance-karancen da suke yi da sauraron labarun soyayya. Da yawa wadanda suka karanta irin wannan labaru suna fada da kansa cewa, sun warware wata matsala da ta shige musu duhu sakamakon karanta littafi kaza.<br /><br /><strong>2.3.4 Tausayi<br /></strong>Sau da yawa ana samun labarin soyayya mai ban tausayi, sakamakon haka masu karantawa ko sauraro ba sa iya jurewa har sai sun yi kuka da hawaye, wata kila tauraron labarin ko kuma tauraruwar labarin ce, ko ma su duka ne suka sami kansu a wani hali, a nan masu karatu ko saurare za su yi iya bakin kokarinsu nan gaba kada irin abin da ya faru a cikin labarin nan ya faru a kansa, a nan labarin soyayya ya yi amfani a kan su, kuma an cusa musu tausayi da yin taka-tsantsan da abin.<br /><br /><strong>2.3.5 Jarumta<br /></strong>Soyayya tana sa jarumta, jarumta kuma tana sa soyayya, misali mutum ne yake tafiya da masoyiyarsa sai suka ci karo da wani abin tsoro, a zahiri idan babu wannan masoyiya tasa a kusa guduwa zai yi, amma don kada ya gudu ya ji kunya, sai ya tsaya aka yi ta gumurzu har Allah ya taimake shi ya kori abin nan. A nan mun fahimci abin da ya sa ya zama jarumi , soyayya ce.<br /><br />Idan muka dubi bangaren da jarumta take sa soyayya, sai mu tafi fagen kokowa da dambe da shadi, duk wadannan fagage ne na jarimta muddin ka zama jarimi sai ka ga maza da mata suna son ka, a nan ma jarumta ta jawo soyayya.<br /><br /><strong>2.3.6 Hakuri<br /></strong>Da yawa wadanda ba s u shiga fagen soyayya ba, ba za su san dadi ko wuyarta ba, wasu kuma sun dauka dadi ne da ita kawai, amma da sun shiga sai su ga abin banbarakwai, nan da nan sai su ce sun daina yi. Hakika soyayya ba ta yiwuwa sai an hada da hakuri, kuma da yawa masu karantawa ko sauraron labarin soyayya sun fahimci hakan ne ta hanyar ire-iren labaran soyayya da ake yi, ba don labaran soyayya suna tasiri ga al’umma ba da an ta samun tabargaza kamar yadda ake yi a da, idan saurayi ya rasa yarinya ya je ya yi mata asiri, ko kuma ya je ya nemi tashin hankali da wanda za ta aura, wani lokaci ma har ta kai ga yin kisan kai, wanda rashin hakuri ne ya kawo haka. Amma a halin yanzu su masu karanta ire-iren wadannan labarai, da kansu suke cewa, ba don mun karanta wannan labarin ba haka ta faru a kanmu ba za mu yi hakuri ba, ashe a nan labarin soyayya ya yi tasiri har ya jawo hakuri ga wanda ya karanta ko wadda ta karanta.<br /><br /><strong>2.3.7 Son Karatun Hausa da Bunkasa Harshen<br /></strong>Littattafan soyayya sun taimaka wajen cusa wa matasa son karatun Hausa, nesa ba kusa ba. A da sai ka ga yaro ko yarinya ya kai aji hudu ko biyar na sakandare amma ba zai iya karanta maka Hausa dalla-dalla ba saboda bai damu da ita ba, alhali kuma harshensa ce. Amma a yanzu da wuya a ce yaro ko yarinya sun kai aji biyar bas u iya karanta Hausa ba, saboda me? Saboda suna karanta littattafan soyayya. Ko da bai koyi karatun Hausa don ya yi amfani da ita a aji ba, ya koya don ya karanta littattafan soyayya. A nan labarun soyayya sun yi amfani, don kuwa an cusa masa son harshensa.<br /><br />Har ila yau an dada bunkasa Harshen Hausa fiye da da, an kuma kakkabe son littattafan Turai a zukatan matasa fiye da da. Bayan haka kuma kudin da za ka sa ka sayi littafin kasar Turai guda daya su ne za su sai maka littattafan Hausa na soyayya guda hudu ko shida. Saboda haka a nan ma littattafan soyayya sun kawo saukin kashe kudi da matasa suke yi wajen sayen littattafan kasar waje.<br /><br /><strong>2.4 Nadewa<br /></strong>Labarin soyayya yana da babban matsayi ga al’umma. Domin al’umma kan yi amfani da shi don maganin bakin ciki da bacin rai. Buga da kari suna amfani da shi don faranta wa juna rai da debe kewa. Dubi yadda al’ummar Hausawa a gargajiyance suke kirkiro labarin soyayya suna gaya wa abokan hirar su don nishadi. Alal misali Tatsuniyar Bora da Mowa inda aka nuna wa daya soyayya sosai da kuma tatsuniyar Daskin Daridi inda ake ba da labarin wasu ‘yan mata da suke kokarin gano sunan Daskin Daridi don su aure shi, wanda a karshe wata da ake kira Burtuntuna ta fadi sunansa daidai, da dai sauran wasu tatsuniyoyi na labarin soyayya. Haka ma abin yake a zahiri, misali dubi yadda idan saurayi matashi ya hadu da abokinsa, ko kuma mace matashiya ta hadu da kawarta, babu wani labari da suka fi yi fiye da na soyayya. Shi ya sa ma a yanzu babu wani littafi da ya fi cin kasuwa fiye da na labarin soyayya domin kuwa kashi casa’in cikin dari 90% na masu karanta littattafai a wannan zamani matasa ne.<br /><br />A takaice dai a iya cewa saboda muhimmin matsayin da labarin soyayya (kowane iri) yake da shi a wajen al’umma, kusan shi ne labarin da dan’adam ya fi sha’awa fiye da sauran labarai a zamanin yanzu.<br /><br />Bayan haka, akwai ra’ayoyi da suka sha bamban daga mutane daban-daban, wasu suna cewa labaran soyayya sun ishi mutane haka nan, wasu kuma suna cewa labarn soyayya suna bata tarbiyyar matasa, suna hana su karatu, wasu kuma suna cewa ya kamata a tarkata littattafan soyayya gaba daya a kona su domin ba su da amfani, kuma nakiyoyi ne wadanda nan gaba za su fashe su tarwatsa mana zuri’a masu zuwa nan gaba. Har ila yau wasu suna cewa, yawancin marubutan matasa ne masu jin tashen balaga, kuma iliminsu bai wuce cikin cokali ba, saboda haka suke ta rubuta shirme a ciki.<br /><br />Masu ganin labarin soyayya yana da matsayi ga al’umma sun fadi nasu ra’ayin kamar haka: Rayuwa a bayan kasa zango-zango ce, kowane zango da yadda ya dace a bi a yi wa ahalinsa fadakarwa da jawo hankali kan tafarkin rayuwa madaidaiciya, saboda haka, marubutan Hausa na farko ba su cika son yin rubutu kan soyayya ba, wata kila don gudun zancen mata da amfani da kalmomin kuruciya ko ma ta kai ga yin batsa, saboda haka da wa sami dadadden littafin (kai ko ma rubutacciyar waka) kan soyayya, amma a ‘yan shekarun nan marubutan zamani, matasa, sun toshe mana wannan gibi na adabin Hausa. Matasan yanzu akwai masu kokarin kallon rayuwa da nufin kyautata ta, kuma suna yi wa matasa da sauran mutane hannunka mai sanda kan mas’alolin da suka dabaibaye su musamman ta fuskar aure.<br /><br />Har ila yau wasu kuma suna cewa, ba labarin soyayya ne ya ishi mutane ba, a’a, yadda ake bi wajen rubuta shi ya kamata a inganta duk lokacin da aka zo rubuta labarin soyayya a yi kokarin cusa tarbiyya da fadakarwa a ciki, tun da an fahimci ga alkiblar da masu karanta littattafan suka bi, saboda haka sai a bi su a ja hankalinsu da taken soyayya, amma a cusa musu kishin kasa da rikon amana da tsoron Allah da tausayi da zumunci, kai da duk wata manufa da ake ganin za ta gyara rayuwar matasa, domin an ce Karen bana shi ke maganin zomon bana, matashi shi ne ya kamata ya ja hankalin dan’uwansa matashi zuwa tafarki mai kyau.<br /><br />Wani ra’ayi kuma cewa ya yi, ai don an yi rubutu a kan soyayya mene ne laifi? Wanda ya zakalkale wajen rubutu kan talauci da yunwa da yaki da sauran tashe-tashen hankali bai yi laifi ba, sai wanda ya yi a kan soyayya? Kuma idan aka ce za a tsaya a yi tawili, tsakanin yunwa da talauci da yaki da sauran tashe-tashen hankula da kuma soyayya wane ya fi karbuwa ga al’umma? Sannan kuma kowa ya san soyayya ita ce kashin bayan zaman lafiya da ci gaban kasa da kwanciyar hankali da bunkasa arziki, shin me yake kawo fadace-fadace tsakanin unguwanni har a zo ana kasha-kashen mutane? Me yake kawo yaki tsakani kasa da kasa? Shin kiyayya ce take kawowa ko kuma soyayya?<br /><br />Kafin a kammala wannan takarda a nade ya-nata-ya-nata za a ba da shawarwari kamar haka:<br /><br />Ya kamata marubuta su yi kokarin hada kawunan su domin hada wata babbar kungiya wadda za ta dinga tafiya har wasu kasashe na duniya don bunkasa wannan harshe na Hausa. Sannan kuma kamar yadda muke samun kalubale daga wasu wurare, ya kamata mu yi kokari domin mu ba su mamaki wajen taka rawa a fannin wannan rubuce-rubuce, kuma kada mu dauka kalubale da ke kusantar mu wani abu ne da zai firgita mu, a’a, sau da yawa wata kalubalantar tana sa marubuci ya shiga bincike da bin kwakkwafi domin gano gaskiyar lamari, wata kalubalantar ta hassada ce kawai, saboda haka idan muka ci karo da irin wannan sai mu yi watsi da ita waje daya.<br /><br />Amma duk da haka Hausawa suna cewa, wake daya shi ke bata gari, ba mamaki a cikinmu a sami wadanda suke ya kamata a yi musu tambihi, domin an ce makaho bai san ana ganin sa ba sai, an taba shi. Saboda da haka muna maraba, kuma a shirye muke mu amshi shawarwari masu kyau.<br /><br /><strong>2.5 Karin Bayani<br /></strong>Ina mika godiyata da ta kungiyar da nake shugabanci, wato ‘Raina Kama’ da ‘Writers Forum’ wadanda suka dauki nauyin shirya wannan taro na kara wa juna ilimi, mai taken Rubutu Don Al’umma. Haka kuma ina gode wa Dr. Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau da Farfesa M.K.M. Galadanci da Hassan Yahaya bisa muhimman shawarwari da suke ba ni a ko da yaushe, na gode.<br /><br /><strong>2.6 Mazarta<br /></strong>Sa’id, Bello. 1982; Dausayin Soyayya<br />Lagos: Nigeria Magazine.<br />Ahmad Rufa’I, Aliyu, 1990; Fitilar Soyayya<br />An Buga Shi a Kan Keken Rubutu.<br />Gusau, Sa’idu Muhammad. 1992; Tsari Da Manufar Karamar Taska.<br />An Gabatar da Ita a Bikin Kaddamar da Littafin </div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-60933781553472947772007-11-05T11:09:00.000+01:002007-11-05T13:53:27.093+01:00Tarihin Hausawa:<div align="justify">Addinin Gargajiya da Hanyoyin Yada Labarai da Kayan Sawa da Al’adu da Sana’o’i da Muhalli da kuma Tattalin Arzikinsu<br /><br /><br />Asalin Hausawa abu ne da aka sha kuma ake kan tambaya a kullum, sai dai abin takaici har yanzu ba a sami wata cikakkiyar amsa mai gamsarwa ba. Kafin mu yi nisa ya kamata mu san ko su wane ne Hausawa. Hausawa dai su ne mutane wadanda harshensu shi ne Hausa sannan dukkan al’adunsu na Hausa ne. Haka kuma addinin musulunci ya yi cikakken tasiri a kansu.<br /><br />Mutane dabam-daban sun yi bincike sosai a kan ilmin harsuna da abubuwan da aka kattaba da kuma zantukan baka. Ta hanyar irin wannan bincike ne aka gane cewa wadansu harsuna suna da kama da juna ainun, wanda ya haifar da kara zurfafa nazarce-nazarce. Sakamakon haka ne kuwa aka karkasa harsunan Afrika ta yadda kowane kaso ya kunshi harsuna wadanda bisa dukan alamu tushensu guda. Ma’ana a asali su wadannan harsuna harshe ne guda daya wanda wasu dalilai irin su bambancin wurin zama, sanadin kaurace-kaurace da yake-yake da dai wadansu dalilai suka sanya ya karkasu ya kasance harsuna iri-iri a halin yanzu.<br /><br />Akwai dangunan harsuna da dama a cikin Afrika. Misali akwai dangin Bantu a can wajen tsakiyar Afrika wadanda tushensu duka daga wani tsohon harshe ne wai shi Bantu; akwai kuma dangin Kwa wanda ya kunshi Yarabanci da Ibo da Nupanci da dai sauransu. Ita kuwa Hausa tana cikin harsunan iyalin Cadi. Ko da yake shi wannan harshe babu shi a yanzu, wannan suna na Cadi suna ne kawai da masana ilmin harsuna suka kirkiro. Dalili kuwa shi ne yawancin iyalin wannan harshe ana samunsu a farfajiyar tafkin Cadi. To saboda rashin sanin ainihin sunansa sai aka kira shi da sunan Cadi. Harsunan iyalan Cadi suna da yawa. Akwai Angas da Bacama da Bade da Bolanci da Bura da Hausa da Kanakuru da Karekare da Mandara da Margi da Miya da Ngizim da Tera da dai sauransu. A sakamakon kamanni da wadannan harsuna suke yi da juna ya sanya aka danganta su ga tushe guda.<br /><br />A bisa wannan dan bayani muna iya cewa Hausawa da harshensu sun fito ne daga cibiya daya da sauran harsunan iyalin Cadi. Wannan kuwa zai ba mu damar cewa mutanen da suka zama Hausawa sun fito ne daga Gabas ko arewa maso gabas da wurin da suke a yanzu<br /><br />Daga nan sai mu duba abubuwan da aka kattaba. A nan an samu mutane dabam-daban sun yi rubuce-rubuce a kan asalin Hausawa da harshensu. A wani littafi da ya wallafa a kan Daular Usmaniyya, Johnston ya bayyana cewa a tsakanin shekarar 1050 zuwa 1100 ta Miladiyya wadansu, Berbers, (Buzaye) sun ratso sahara suka zauna cikin Tukururu kuma suka yi auratayya da su. Wai a sanadin wannan cudanya ne aka sami Hausa da harshen Hausa.<br /><br />Shi ma wani marubucin dangane da tarihin Hausawa da harshensu, M.G. Smith, yana da ra’ayi kusan iri daya da na Johnston. Wato ya amince da cewa akwai kaura da ta auku daga gabas zuwa kasar Tukururu, wanda ya yi sanadin samuwar Hausawa da harshensu. Ya kare da cewa wannan kaura ta auku ne wajajen shekarar 1350 ta Miladiyya.<br /><br />Shi kuwa Abdullahi Smith nuna rashin amincewarsa ya yi da wannan bayani da aka yi dangane da asalin Hausawa da harshensu. Musamman ma cewa wai nan da shekara dubu da suka wuce babu Hausawa. Shi yana ganin cewa kasa rarrabewa tsakanin asalin Hausawa da harshensu da kuma asalin daular mulkin da suka kafa shi ne dalilin rashin fahimtar. Haka kuma bai amince ba da cewa Hausawa sun samu a sakamakon auratayya tsakanin Berbers (Buzaye?) da kuma Tukururu da suka taras a wurin. Hasali ma ra’ayinsa ya fi karkata ga cewa Hausa tana da alaka da harsunan iyalin Cadi, har hakan ma kuwa yana ganin cewa sun raba hanya shekaru dubbai da suka wuce.Ya kuma kara da cewa mai yiwuwa da can akwai dangantaka tsakanin harshen Berber da na Cadi, wato tun kafin Sahara ta zamo hamada.<br /><br />Babu shakka ba abu ne mai karbuwa ba a ce nan da shekaru 950 da suka wuce babu Hausawa da harshensu, musamman idan aka dubi tarihin garuruwan Hausa da jerin sarakunan da suka mulke su. Misali an ce tun karshen karni na 9 na Miladiyya wadansu maharba suka zo suka zauna a duwatsun da ke kewaye da sararin da ake kira Kano yanzu. Idan haka ne wannan ya nuna cewa akwai Hausawa a wannan wuri fiye da shekaru 1,000 da suka wuce.<br /><br />Addinin Gargajiya na Bahaushe<br /><br />Adinin gargajiya wata hanya ce ta bautar da mutane dabam-daban kan sama wa kansu. Babu wata kabila da za ta bugi kirji cewa ita ta koya wa wata bauta wa (Ubangiji). Kusan kowace kabila nan take take ta kago hanyoyin bautarta. Wadannan hanyoyin bauta ana ganin sun samu tun farkon samuwar dan’adam. Masu binciken tarihi na ganin cewa makasudin bautar gumaka shi ne ganin cewa wasu abubuwa kamar rana da wata da kogi ko duwatsu suna yi dabi’a irin ta mutum wato in an faranta musu rai su ji dadi in kuma an bakanta musu su yi fushi. Masu bauta wa kogi ana ganin sun yi imani da shi ne saboda ganin cewa wani lokaci sai ya yi ambaliya su sami amfani mai yawa, wani lokaci kuma ya bushe. Daga ya bushe sai masu bautar su dauka cewa sun yi wani laifi ne, sai a sami wani babbansu ya kasance mai yin magana da gunkin, shi kuma zai rika gaya musu sakon gunki. Makasudi na biyu da ake zaton ya sa mutane yin bautar gunki shi ne ta wajen ciwo. Wani lokaci ciwo kan kama mutum a yi ta magani a rasa yadda za a yi ciwon ya warke. To, in aka yi katari wani ya zo ya ba da magani majinyacin ya warke, sai a dauka cewa wannan mutumin yana da wata daraja ta musamman. Saboda haka duk abin da ya faru, shi za a dosa, shi kuma ya rika dangana cuce-cucen da iskoki. Ta nan ne sai mutane su yi imani da iskoki.<br /><br />Tun da yake za a yi magana ne a kan addinin gargajiya na Bahaushe, ya kamata a dan bayyana wasu misalai na tsafe-tsafen Hausawa a lokacin da suke yin Maguzanci da kuma barbashin tsafe-tsafen har zuwa yau. Amma tun da ba Bahaushe ne kadai yake yin irin wadannan tsafe-tsafe ba, za a bayar da takaitaccen misalin bautar gumaka a wasu kasashen. Misali a kasar Masar suna da nasu gumakan kafin zuwan musulinci, sanannu daga cikin gumakan su ne Ra da Osiris. Ra shi ne gunkin rana shi kuma Osiris shi ne mai kula da kogin Nil, kogin da shi ne kashin bayan rayuwar mutanen Masar. Idan muka matso wajen makwabtanmu za mu ga cewa Ashanti na kasar Ghana su ma suna da sanannen gunkin da suke kira Abosomi. Yarabawa kuma suna da Orisha. Orisha din nan shahararren gunki ne wanda Yarabawa ke wa bauta sosai. A duk lokacin da suka ga wani abu ba ya tafiya daidai, sai manyansu su kai kukansu ga wannan gunki. Daga nan sai a yi yanke-yanken dabbobi don Orisha ya sha jini. Da an ga wani canji sai a dauka cewa Orisha ya yarda. Mutanen Jukun ma suna da nasu gunkin da suke kira Jo. Barebari kuma na da nasu gunkin da suke kira Sanama. Kabilar Tangale da ke Bauchi ma ba a bar su a baya ba wajen bautar gumaka, suna da babban gunkinsu da suke kira Yeku. Ban da babban gunki Yeku akwai kuma kananan gumaka a kowane gida da ake bautawa, haka kuma a kowace unguwa.<br /><br />Daga wadannan bayanai da aka yi za a fahimci cewa addnin gargajiya ya mamaye kasashe da yawa kafin zuwan addinin Almasihu da na musulunci. Kuma kusan kowane irin addinin gargajiya, sai an sami wani mutum wanda shi ne mai wucewa gaba don nemo bayani daga gunkin sa’annan ya sanar wa da mabiya.<br /><br />Tun da yake an dan ji bayanan addinan gargaji na wasu mutane, sai kuma mu tsunduma ga na Hausawa. Hausawa ma kamar sauran mutane suna da addininsu na gargajiya tun kafin zuwan addinin musulunci. A gaskiya ba wanda zai ce ga lokacin da Hausawa suka fara bautar gumaka da tsafe-tsafe. Tarihi ya nuna cewa tun da aka halicci dan’adam, bautar iskoki ta cusu a zuciyarsa. Wannan shi ya sa yake da wuya a bayyana tun sa’ad da abin ya fara. Dalilai na biyu da ake jin su suka haifar da addinin gargajiya, ba kuma ga Hausawa kadai ba har ma da sauran jinsi iri-iri na duniya. Dalili na farko shi ne, shi dai dan’adam ya dauka cewa kowane abu a duniya yana dabi’a irin tasa, wato wani lokaci zai ji dadi musamman in an faranta masa rai, ya kuma ji zafi in an bakanta masa, har ya kai ga ramuwar gayya. Alal misali, lokacin da Kanawa ke bautar Tsumburbura a gindin Dala, zamanin Barbushe, duk shekarar da ta zo da wani bala’i sai mutane su dauka cewa lallai an saba wa Tsumburbura. Saboda haka sai a yi yanke-yanken awaki da karnuka don dodon ya sha jini wai ko ya huce. To wasu lokutan kuwa sai a yi sa’a abin ya yi sauki shi ke nan sai a dauka wannan sauki ya faru ne saboda yanke-yanken da aka yi wa gunkin ne.<br /><br />Dalili na biyu da ake zaton shi ma ya taimaka wajen kago bautar gumaka shi ne ciwo. Sau da yawa akan sami ciwo ya ki ci ya ki cinyewa ga mutum, a yi ta neman magani, amma a banza, sai a dauka ba mai warkar da majinyacin sai dai mutumin da Allah ya yi wa wata daraja ta musamman. Ana nan har a sami wani boka ya nuna cewa iska kaza ce ta taba mutum amma shi zai warkar da shi. Idan aka yi katari sai kuwa mutumin ya warke. Da zarar haka ta faru fa sai mutane su yi imani da wannan iska da boka ya ambata, shi kuma boka kasuwa ta bude ke nan.<br /><br />Ana yin bauta ta hanyoyi dabam-daban. Wasu sukan sassaka gunkinsu da kansu, su yi wani mutum-mutumi su rika bauta masa. Wasu kuma sukan bauta wa iskokai.<br /><br />Dangane da bautar gumaka wajen Hausawa, su ba sa sassaka gunki don yi masa bauta, a’a, sai dai bautar iskokai ta hanyar bori. Kanawa suna bautar Tsumburbura a dutsen Dala.<br /><br />Akwai wasu gumaka makamantan wadannan a wasu wurarae a kasar Hausa. A kasar Katsina, akwai mutanen Kainafara, arnan Birci a kasar Dutsin ma, masu bautar wani gunki mai suna Dan talle. Sunan mai kula da wannan gunki shi ne Sarkin Noma. Kamar Barbushe Sarkin Noma shi ne mai ba da labarin sakon da Dan talle ya yi ga mabiyansa. Su ma mabiyan Dan talle kabilar Kainafara na yin bikinsu ne shekara-shekara kuma suna yin yanke-yake kamar dai mutanen Barbushe.<br /><br />Akwai kuma wasu maguzawa masu bautar wani gunki mai suna Magiro a dutsen Kwatarkwashi a cikin jihar Sakkwato. Mai kula da tsafin shi ne Magajin Ranau. Shi ma ana yi masa yanke-yanke kamar yadda ake yi wa Tsumburbura sai dai su bakin sa ake yanka masa ko bakar akuya.<br /><br />Bayan wadannan gumaka kuma, Hausawa Maguzawa kan yi tsafe-tsafe na gida. Misali shi ne, kusan kowane Bamaguje ya ajiye wata halitta wadda ya dauka ita ce kan gidansa. Wasu sukan dauki dabbobi kamar damisa, kura ko zomo ya zama kan gidansu. Duk abin da aka dauka ya zama kan gida to ba hali wani dan gidan ya ci namansa, ko ya kashe shi ko kuma ya cuce shi ko ta wace hanya.<br /><br />Tasirin Addinin Gargajiya<br /><br />A halin da ake ciki yanzu, ko da yake mafi yawan Hausawa sun karbi addinin musulunci hannu bibiyu, har ma ta kai fagen da an ambaci sunan Bahaushe sai a kawo addinin musulunci ciki, don ganin cewa Hausa da musulunci sun kusa zama abu daya duk da haka akwai Hausawa wadanda har yanzu tasirin addinin gargajiya bai bar su ba. Sanin kowa ne cewa har yanzu akwai Maguzawa a kasashen Kano da Katsina wadanda ba su daina yin tsafi da bautar gumaka ba. Wadannan Maguzawa har yanzu sukan yi bukukuwa da tsafe-tsafe iri-iri. Ta hanyarsu ne wasu Hausawan musulmi kan nemi taimako wajen dodo don neman biyan bukata. Irin wannan da’awa ta sa na sami wani tsohon Bamaguje a Jammawa ta kasar Dawakin Tofa wanda ake kira Zuga don ya tabbatar min ko Hausawa musulmi sukan nemi taimako a wurinsu, Zuga ya bayya min cewa a matsayinsa na makeri, ya sha karbar ziyarar makera Hausawa kuma musulmi wadanda suke zuwa wajensa don neman taimako kan yadda za su sarrafa wuta. Ya ce yakan fayyace musu fa lallai sai an kauce kuma sun yarda suna kuma bin dukan abin da ya nuna musu na game da tsafi.<br /><br />Haka kuma na sadu da wani dattijo a wani kauye mai suna Katsardawa ita ma a kasar Dawakin Tofa take. Shi wannan Bamaguje sunansa Girbau kuma gawurtaccen manomi ne, ya bayyana min cewa ya ba mutane da yawa Hausawa kuma musulmi asirin dodo don kawai su tara hatsi da yawa.<br /><br />Idan muka juyo ta fannin bori (wanda al’ada ce ta Maguzawa masu bin addinin gargajiya), za mu ga cewa har kwanan gobe Hausawa musulmi suna yi kuma duk mai yi ya ba da gaskiya.<br /><br />Hanyoyin Yada Labarai Na Hausawa<br /><br />Hanyoyin yada labarai abubuwa ne da suke tattare da kowacce al’umma, kamar yadda Hausawa kan ce ‘tun ran gini tun ran zane’. Hanyar yada labarai hanya ce tsararriya da ake bi domin isar da sako ga daidaiku ko kuma jumlar mutane ba tare da wani tarnaki ba. Babu shakka hanyar yada labarai ta dade a cikin al’umma amma, tun tuni, mun dade a kasar Hausa muna da tsarin isar da sako ta hanyar yekuwa ko shela da sankira yake yi domin fadakarwa ko sanarwa ko kuma nusarwa ga mutane ko ilmantar da su dangane da wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi rayuwarsu. Irin wannan yekuwar (shela) tana daga cikin tushen kafafin yada labarai a kasashen Afrika, musamma ma kasar Hausa.<br /><br />Kayan Sawar Hausawa<br />Hausawa a da can ba su da wata sutura da ta zarce warki sai kuma ganye, amma zuwan addinin musulunci kasar Hausa ya canza rayuwarsu ta hanyoyi da dama, misali, ko wajen sutura ma musulunci ya canza tsarin adon Hausawa, zuwan Larabawa da wasu kabilun Masar suka kawo wa Hausawa suturu masu rufe al’aura, kamar su riga ’yar Tambutu da jabba da Kaftani da Kubta da wanduna iri-iri da hular dara. Aka kuma tanadar wa mata zane (gyauto) da mayafi (gyale) da dankwali da riga. Saboda samun irin wadannan suturu su ma Hausawa suka kago irin nasu suturun don maza da mata kamar ’yar-shara da taguwa da aganiya da fatari da bante. Wasu sun ce bante Hausawa sun aro shi daga wajen Nufawa ne.<br /><br />Ire-iren Suturun Da Hausawa Suke Amfani Da Su<br />Luru, Gwado-babbar kwarya da karamar kwarya<br />Babbar riga da ’yar ciki-gari<br />Shakwara da jamfa da wando<br />Doguwar riga<br /><br />Launukan Babbar Riga<br />Gari da Sace da Shakwara da Aganiya- akwai wadanda ake yi musu ado a ba su wasu sunaye:<br />Kamar Aska tara mai cibiya da Aska takwas malummalun da Aska biyu mai wau da Girke da Girken Zazzau da Girken Nufe da Sace mai adda da Sace mai gafiya.<br />’Yar Tambutu da Doguwar riga da Fanjama da Hartin da Jallabiyya da Zuleka da Kaftani<br />’Yar ciki dahariya da ’Yar shara da Zuhuni da kuma Falmaran<br /><br />Wanduna<br />Tsala da Fanyama da Bulus da Dan itori da Dantunis mai kamun kafa da kuma Kwarjalle.<br /><br />Huluna<br />Dankwara da Bakwala da Damanga da Habar kada da Facima da Zanna da Kube da kuma Zita<br /><br />Rawani<br />Harasa da Bakin fara da Dankura da kuma Mubarrashi<br /><br />Takalma<br />Dangarafai da Sambatsai da Fade da Mai gashin jimina da Dan Maroko da kuma Huffi.<br /><br />Zanin Mata<br />Saki da Bunu da Bakurde da Gam Sarki da Tsamiya da Dantofi da Fatari da Saro da kuma Mukuru<br /><br />Sana’o’in Hausawa<br />Kasuwaci da Fatauci da Saka da Rini da Farauta da Jima da Noma da Kiwo da Kira da Sassaka da Dukanci da Gini da Fawa da kuma Wanzanci.<br /><br />Muhalli<br />Bukka da Tsangaya da Dakin Hayi da Shigifa ko Soro da Kudandan ko Rudu da kuma Kago.<br /><br />Al’adun Hausawa<br />Hausawa mutane ne musu tsananin rikon al’adunsu na gargajiya, musamman wajen tufafi da abinci da al’amuran da suka shafi aure ko haihuwa ko mutuwa da sha’aninmu’amala tsakanin dangi da abokai da shugabanni da sauransu, da kuma al’amuran sana’a ko kasuwanci ko neman ilmi.<br /><br />Tun daga zuwan Turawa har yau, Hausawa suna cikin al’ummomin da ba su saki tufafinsu na gargajiya sun ari na baki ba. Galibin adon namiji a Hausa ba ya wuce riga gari da wando musamman tsala, da takalmi fade ko kafa-cik, da hula kube, ko dankwara, ko dara. In kuma saraki ne ko malami ko dattijo, yakan sa rawani. Adon mata kuwa, zane ne da gyauton yafawa, wato gyale da kallabi da taguwa da ’yan kunne da duwatsen wuya wato tsakiya.<br /><br />Yawancin abincin Hausawa kuwa, ana yin sa da gero ko dawa ne. Sai kuma sauran abubuwan hadawa, da na marmari, kamar su wake da shinkafa da alkama da kayan rafi da sauransu.<br /><br />Yawancin Hausawa Musulmi ne saboda haka yawancin al’adunsu da suka shafi aure da haihuwa da mutuwa duk sun ta’allaka ne da wannan addni, sai dan abin da ba a rasawa na daga al’adun gargajiya musamman a wajen Maguzawa.<br /><br />Haka kuma wajen mu’amala da iyaye ko dangi ko abokai ko shugabanni ko makwabta ko wanin wadannan, yawanci na Musulunci ne. Haka nan sha’anin sana’a da kasuwanci da neman ilmi duk a jikin Musulunci suka rataya..<br /><br />Da can, sana’a da kusuwanci da neman ilmi suna bin gado ne, wato kowa yana bin wadda ya gada kaka da kakanni. Kuma idan mai sana’a ya shiga bakon gari zai je ya sauka a gidan abokan sana’arsa ne. In ma koyo ya zo yi, zai je gidan masu sana’ar gidansu ne. Saboda haka kusan kowace sana’a akwai sarkinta da makadanta da mawakanta, kai har ma da wasu al’adu na musa yinta da suka sha bamban da na sauran jama’a.<br /><br />Tattalin Arzikin Hausawa<br />Kalmar tattali tana nufin kula ko ririta ko tanadi da kula ko adana wani abu, wato tsiminsa. Ita kuwa kalmar arziki a nan tana nufin tajirci ko dukiya ko samu ko hali ko gafi ko kudi ko sukuni ko daula ko wadata ko abin hannu wato mllakar dukiya mai yawa fiye da sauran abubuwan bukata.<br /><br />Daga wadannan bayanai za a ga, a ma’ana ta gama-gari, tattalin arziki yana nufin kula da dukiya. A fagen nazari kuwa, tsari ne na sarrafa al’barkatun kasa da sauran ni’imomin da Allah ya yi wa mutum, yadda za a samar da muhimman abubuwa da dan’adam yake bukata a kuma sarrafa su ga jama’a.<br /><br />Dangane da haka, dan’adam tilas ne ya yi aiki ya sarrafa wasu abubuwa don ya kai ga biyan wadannan bukatu, amma kuma mutum bai iya wadatar da kansa da dukkan bukatunsa, don haka dole ya dogara da ’yan’uwansa wajen samun wadannan abubuwa, kamar yadda su ma suka dogara da shi.<br /><br />Tattalin arzikin Hausawa na gargajiya abu ne kara zube inda ake barin abubuwa kara zube, ma’ana kowa yana ba da gudummawa gwargwadon karfinsa kuma yana samun abubuwa gwargwadon irin sana’arsa da kwazonsa da kuma sa’arsa. Ita kuma hukuma ta sa ido don tsaron mutunci da dukiyar al’aumma.<br /><br />Sana’o’i su ne mafi girman tafarkin da Hausawa suke bi don samar da abubuwan bukata. Ta hanyar sana’o’i suke sarrafa albarkatun kasa da sauran ni’imomin kuma rarar da suka samu suke musanyawa su mallaki abubuwan da ba za su iya samar wa kansu ba. A takaice dai sana’o’i su ne kashin bayan tattalin arzikin Hausawa na gargajiya wadanda suka hada da noma da kira da wanzanci da fawa da saka da jima da dukanci da sassaka da rini da dillanci da bokanci da dibbu da dinki da magori da tuggu da kwarami da banbadanci da kuma koli da dai sauran su.<br /><br />Daga cikin wadannan sana’o’i noma shi gidan kowa da shi, a gargajiyance duk Bahaushe manomi ne amma kuma yakan kara da wata sana’ar don tallafawa. Dangane da haka ne ake karkasa mazauna gari bisa tsarin sana’o’in kowane gida ko unguwa, don haka ne ma a Kano aka sami unguwannin Makera da Dukawa da Mahauta da unguwar gini da makamantansu.<br /><br />Manazarta<br /><br />Adamu, Muhammad Tahar; 1997: Asalin Hausawa Da Harshensu. Kano: Dan Sarkin<br />Kura Publishers Ltd.<br /><br />Alhassan, Habibu da Musa, Usman Ibrahim da Zarruk, Rabi’u Mohammed; 1982. Zaman<br />Hausawa, Bugu na Biyu: Lagos:Islamic Publications Bureau.<br /><br />Adamu, Muhammad Tahar; 1997: Asalin Magungunan Hausawa Da Ire-ire-iresu. Kano:<br />Dan Sarkin Kura Publishers Ltd.<br /><br />Dawaki, Alahassan Muhammad; 1983. Tasirin Addinin Gargajiya Kan Hausawa:<br />Takardar da Aka Gabatar a Taron Malamai da Dalibai na Jami’ar Bayero, Kano,<br />Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A.; 2001. Gudummawar Finafinan Hausa Game da Addini da<br />Al’ada: An gabatar da Wannan takarda a Bikin Makon Hausa na 23 Wanda<br />Kungiyar Hausa ta Jami’ar Bayero ta shirya, a Tsakanin 5 zuwa 8/1/2001.<br /><br />Gusau, Sa’idu Muhammad; 1982.Wasanni Don Yara. Kano:<br />Jola-Ade Printers.<br /><br />Gidan Dabino, A.A.; 2003. Ta Leko ta Koma: Mujallun Hausa Ina Mafita: An gabatar da Wannan Takarda a Taron Shekara-shekara na Mujallar Ar-Risala, a Harabar Makarantar Farhan, Kabuga Jan Bulo, Kano.<br /><br />Magaji, Ahamad; 1986. Gudummawa a Kan Kokarin da Ake yi na Samar da Cikakken<br />Tarihin Hausawa: Takardar da Aka Gabatar a Taron Malamai da Dalibai na<br />Jami’ar Bayero, Kano, Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya.<br /><br />Nazari A Kan Harshe Da Adabi Da Al’adun Hausawa Na Farko.1978: Kano: Uniprinters<br />Ltd.<br /><br />Nazari A Kan Harshe Da Adabi Da Al’adun Hausawa Na Uku.1993: Zariya: Gaskiya<br />Coporation Ltd.<br /><br />Nazari A Kan Harshe Da Adabi Da Al’adun Hausawa Na Biyar. 2002: Kano: Benchmark<br />Publishers Ltd.<br /><br />Yahaya, Ibrahim Yaro da Zariya, Mu’azu Sani da Gusau, Sa’idu .Muhammad;<br />1992. Darussan Hausa 1,2,3, Don Makarantun Sakandare. Ibadan: University Press,<br />PLC. </div>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-20786691380753975752007-06-26T17:59:00.000+01:002007-06-26T18:02:40.477+01:00Nishadin Matan Kulle: Tsokaci a Kan Wasannin Cikin Gidan Sarkin Kano<strong>Nasiru Wada Khalil da Sadiya Ado Bayero<br /><br /><br />An Gabatar Da Wannan Takarda a Babban Taron Kara wa Juna Ilmi Na Shida Kan Harshe Da Adabi Da Al’adun Hausa Wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya Jami’ar Bayero, Kano ta shirya a Ranakun 12 Zuwa 15 Ga Watan Disamba, 2004.</strong><br /><br />Gabatarwa:<br />Kowace Al'umma tana da tsarinta na zamantakewar rayuwa, wanda wannan tsari shi za a kira al'dar wannan al'umma. Misali al'adar Turawa, al'adar Fulani, al'adar Larabawa, ko Hausa Fulani a wannna zamani da muke ciki. Shima Bahaushe yana da al'adu da dama kamar na abinci da sutura da aure da farauta da nishadi da sauransu, yawancin wadanda suke aro su ya y daga al'adar makwafta da wadanda addinin musulunci ya kawo masa. Duk da haka al'adun sun dan banbanta a tsakanin Hausawa mazauna wurare daban daban, misali Bahaushen Sokoto al'adarsa ta bambanta da ta Bahaushen Katsina ko Daura, suma al'adun sun banbanta da al'adar Hadejawa ko Kanawa (mutanen Hadeja ko Kano).<br /><br />A nan za mu dauki Bahaushen Kano a tsakanin sauran Hausawa sudanin Shehu Danfodiyo, za mu dauki nishadantarwa daga ciki sauran al'adunsa mu haska da madubi mu kalli yadda mata (daga ciki jinsin mutane) na kulle na gidan sarauta (daga cikin dangogin ayyuka) don yin tsokaci akan hikimomi da dabaru da Salo, da yanayin yadda harkar nishadantarwa take a wanna gida Zamanin da da na yanzu mu kuma yi nazari akan banbancin Nishadin da da na yanzu; ci gaba ko sauyi aka samu tsakanin nishadin da ake yi da a gidan Sarki da na yanzu?<br /><br />Wannan mukala an yi ta ne domin a samu a mayar da wannan adabi na baka zuwa cikin rubutu, don amfanin 'yan baya da manazarta al'ada, musamman a wannan lokaci da tsohuwar al'adar Bahaushe take bata yau da gobe. Har ila yau an yi wanna mukala ne domin a bayyan hikimomi da fasaha da sigogin da matan kulle suke da su don jin dadin rayuwar su ta yau da kullum kamar sauran mata da suke a wajen kulle.<br /><br />Ma'anar Muhimman Kalmomi<br />Nishadi: Yana nufin duk wani abu da aka yi don dadadawa rai.<br /><br />Matan Kulle: A nan muna nufin bayi mata da musulunci ya yardarwa ubangijinsu ya take su, su haihu wadanda aka killacesu a gida basa fita ko'ina. A cewar Nast (2003) matan kulle "matan da ba auren mutum suke ba amma zai iya amfani da su don harkokin gida da samun haihuwa."<br /><br />Gidan Sarautar Kano:<br />Gidan Sarautar Kano za a kira shi gda saboda akwai mai shi da iyalinsa zaune, kuma a iya kiran sa Unguwa, saboda yawan gidajen da suke ciki da jama'u sannan a iya kiran sa gari saboda ya tara abubuwan da gari yake tarawa kamar; unguwanni da Asibiti da Makaranta da Mahukunta da Doka, kai har ma da yare (salon magana) dalilin haka wasu ma sukan ce duniyar gidan sarki saboda kabilu na mutane daban-daban da suka hadu a ciki.<br /><br />Nishadin Matan Bahaushe<br />Matan Bahaushe manyansu da yaransu masu aure ko 'yan mata suna da son nishadi kusan a komai na ayyukan rayuwarsu ko sana'a, domin su sami annashuwa a cikin wannan abin da suke yi, misali idan matar Bahaushe tana nika za ta rinka bin nikan nan da waka domin ta debewa kanta kewar wahalar wannan nikan, wakar nan za ta iya zama ta gargadi ko wa'azi ko kuma raha, kowacce dai ta yi za ta sami jin dadi da nishadi yadda saukin wannan nikan zai rayu a gare ta.<br /><br />Haka nan a lokacin saka ta 'akwasa' nan na suna jefa akwasar suna waka, a haka sai su yi saka mai tarin yawa ba tare da sun ji wahalar komai ba.<br /><br />Har ila yau, matan Hausawa suna kadi (mayar da auduga zuwa zaren saka ko dinki) a nan mata za ka ga suna kadin suna waka a gidajensu, haka zalika yaran mata "'yan mata" akan tara musu kada mai yawa su yi wada "didi".<br /><br />Lokacin rarrashin yaro nan ma za ka ga mata na yi wa yaro rawa sun yin kida da hannunsu a bayansa, suna yi masa wasa suna rarrashin sa tare da nishadantar da shi, da su kansu, shi ne za ka ga yaro yana kuka ya dawo yana dariya bayan ya yi shiru daga barin kukan.<br /><br />Gada, kamar yadda kowa ya sani; "rawa da waka ce da 'yan mata ke yi ta da yamma ko da daddare" ya danganta da gari-gari. Baya ga haka kawaye suna yin ta lokacin bikin "yan matancin Amarya", ma'ana idan ana auren kawarsu.<br /><br />Ana daka ana waka ne dai ba a san Bahaushe da haka ba sai Fulani, su Hausawa Lugude aka sansu da shi, da sauran ire-iren ayyuka na Bahaushe babu inda ba ya nishadi sai a inda ya san idan yayi zai iya gamuwa da wahala ko laifi kamar tu}in tuwo ko sallah da sauransu.<br /><br />Nishadin Matan Kulle Na Gidan Sarki<br />Baya ga wadannan nau'i na nishadi da ake samun su a ko'ina har a gidan sarauta, akwai kuma wadanda kwara-warai ne kawai suke yi a gidan sarki, wadannan sun hada da wasan gauta, kidan ruwa da warar guje, kidan sakaina da kuma tashe.<br /><br />Wasan Gauta<br />Wannan wasa ne da sai kwara-warai ne kawai suke yin sa a gidan Sarki wanda aka fara shi tun kafin Musulunci ya kafu a kasar Hausa, kamar yadda Suwaid Muhammad ya fada ko da yake Alkali Usaini Sufi ya musanta hakan inda yake cewa "An ce an fara wannan wasa ne tun cikin yakin duniya na biyu, yakin da aka fi sani da yakin Hitila. Bayan an yi ne sau daya, sai aka dakata ba sake yi ba sai da aka gama yakin sannan aka ci gaba da shi......."<br /><br />Shi dai wasan Gauta yadda ake yin sa shi ne kamar yadda Sufi (1993( ya kawo:<br /><br />Shi wannan wasa ana yin sa ne a cikin wata Sallah Babba a lokacin kaka, lokacin da ake cin moriyar amfanin gona da aka samu a wannan shekarar, irin su gujjiya da gyada da rake da takanda da gauta ko data da yalo da dai sauransu. Wannnan wasa na kwaikwayo ne, wanda yake nuna yadda ake tafiyar da mulki irin na gargajiya da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da aikin hukuma na yau da kullum. Ta wani bangare kuma yana nuna cewa ata ma idan da za a ba su dama za su iya yin abubuwan da maza suke yi, domin a tsari nan na wasan Gauta akwai Sarakunan Yanka da Hakimai da Alkalai da "Yan doka da Wakilin doka, har ma da Yari mai kurkukunn tsarewa. Waje daya kuma ga asibiti har da Sitta mai bayar da magani tare da ma'aikatanta wadanda ake cewa da su 'yan diresin."<br /><br />Daga wannan wasafcin na yadda ake wasan gauta da Alkali Usman Sufi ya yi, za mu ga cewar wasan ana yinsa ne lokacin Turawan mulkin mallaka, amma wasan Gauta ya sami canjin suna ya koma Wasan Gwamna. Saboda Turawan mulkin mallaka sun ga cewar wasan Gauta hanya ce ta fadakar da Jama'a.<br /><br />Haka ya nuna cewar tun kafin zuwan Turawa aka fara wasan gauta. To amma kuma wane lokaci aka fara wannan wasa shi ne babu tabbas a kai, an daina shi ne a shekarar 1953 lokacin da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Sunusi ya hau gadon karagar mulkin Kano, a cewar "Matar Daga."<br /><br />An daina wannan wasa ne, saboda a wannan lokacin NEPU ta fara karfi, saboda haka akwai yiwuwar 'yan NEPU su yiwo shiga a matsayin matan maroka ko matan bayin sarki da suke waje su shigo gidan sarki. A wani bangaren kuma Matar Fada Fagi cewa tayi "An daina ne saboda kwarkwaran Sarki Sunusi ba su da yawa, ba za su isa yin wasan gauta ba kamar yadda aka saba.<br /><br />Alkali Usaini Sufi (203-205) ya kawo sunayen wasu daga cikin masu wasan gauta da mukaminsu kamar haka:<br />SUNA LAKABI MUKAMI<br />Binta Yartsakuwa Sarkin Musulmi<br />Hasiya Asabe Sarkin Kano<br />Kayi Kayi Sarkin Katsina<br />Gaji Malama Sarkin Gobir<br />Dije Haji Galadiman Kano<br />Binta Rano Ciroman Kano<br />Hassana 'Yan Biyu Ciroman Kano<br />Gadan Gadan Makaman Kano<br />Jabu Jabu Wazirin Kano<br />Bilki Maigashi Dan Iyan Kano<br />Aishatu Iyantumi Tafidan Kano<br />Rabi Hajiya Ma'aji Walin Kano<br />Hamamatu Hauwa Magajin Malam/S/Shanu<br />Daso Tababa Makaman Kano <br />Rabi Jahun Sarkin Rano<br />Kubura Malama Alkalin Kano<br />Rabi 'Yarwawu Marusan Katsina<br />Aishatu Mai sunan Umma Wakilin Doka<br />Hauwa Dan Kulu Sitta<br />Kankani Kankani Yarin Kano<br />Fagi Yatafada Magajiyar Karuwai<br /><br />Hikimar Yin Wasan Gauta<br />Babbar Hikimar yin wasan Gauta bayan nishadi shi ne, a janyo hankalin sarki a kan abubuwan kasarsa, halayya da dabi'un 'yan majalisarsa irin su Waziri da Madaki da Galadima da sai sauransu, wasu suna ganin gauta a matsayin wata dama da ake nusar da Sarki shi kansa irin matsalolinsa ko rauni don yi gyara.<br /><br />Kidan Ruwa Da Rawar Guje<br />Shi kidan ruwa yadda ake yi kidan shi ne a sami masakai manya-manya a cika su da ruwa sai a kifa wata kwaryar a cikin ruwa, a sa abin kida ana kida, su kuma kwarakwarai kowace ta sha kitso Doka (za mu yi bayani sa a sakin layi na gaba) su yi da'ira suna rawa suna juyi, sai daya ta fito da sauri zuwa gaban makidiyar ta yi rawa, sai ta koma wata ta goya (ta shiga bayanta) daki-daki har sai an kewayo kan kowa. Shi wannan kidan ruwa da rawar guje ana yin su lokacin bikin sallah ko bikin 'ya'yan sarki.<br /><br />Rawar Sakaina<br />Kowacce kwarkwara bayan an koya mata yadda ke rawar kidan ruwa sai ta taho wajen kidan sakaina ta ci gaba da koyo, sabanin kidan ruwa da 'yan soro rawa kawai za su yi, a kidan sakaina su za su yi kidan su, kuma su yi rawarsu.<br /><br />Yadda ake yin rawar sakaina shi ne a samu sakaina ana kadada zabiya tana ba da waka ana amasawa ana rawa mutum daya-daya ko mutum biyu-biyu kamar rawar kureda ko rawa oba ko rawar a yi yamma, a wannan rawar mutum hudu ne suke yi ko shida a cikin fili suna maye juna wasu na shigowa wasu na ficewa.<br /><br />A kidan sakaina ba wai kidan ko wakar ce mai ban sha'awa kamar rawar ba saboda irin hikima da kimiyyar da take cikin rawar, kuma ita ce ginshikin nishadin da ke ciki, shi yasa idan kwarkwara ba ta iya taka rawar ba, manyan kwara-kwaran in suna takawa sai su bude wacce bata iya ba da kasa komai fari ko tsadar zanin da ta daura.<br /><br />I. Ayyaraye yurare<br /><br />Ayaranye yuraye da wuya<br />‘Yan amshi: Ayaraye yuraye shawara da wuya<br />Ayyaraye iye shawara tsoro<br />‘Yan amshi: Ayaraye yuraye shawara da wuya<br />Ayyaraye duk mai shawara ba zai yaki ba<br />‘Yan amshi:Ayyaraye duk mai shawara ba zai yaki ba<br />Ba ya gudu ba ya ja da baya sai ya kama<br />‘Yan amshi: Baya gudu ba ya ja da baya sai ya kama<br />Ayyaraye mu sarkin mu Auwalin Allah ne<br />‘Yan amshi: Ayyaraye mu sarkin mu Auwalin Allah ne<br />Ayyaraye mu sarki mu Alhajin Allah ne <br />‘Yan amshi: Ayyaraye mu sarki mu Alhaji Allah ne<br />Ba ya gudu ba ya ja da baya sai ya kama<br />‘Yan amshi: Ba ya gudu ba ya ja da baya sai ya kama<br /><br />II. Iya ranaye dede<br />Iya ranaye dede iyararaye<br />‘Yan amshi: Iya ranaye dede iyararaye<br />Ta ina ta haura<br />‘Yan amshi: ta shamakin dawakai<br />Ta sararin garke<br />‘Yan amshi: ta shamakin dawakai<br />Kaya kaya na keji a shamakin dawakai<br />‘Yan amshi: iyararaye dede iyaranaye<br />Ba ku amshi 'yan yara baku tafi<br />‘Yan amshi: Iya ranaye dede iya ranaye<br />Ba ku tafi 'yan yara ba ku amshi<br />‘Yan amshi: Iya ranaye dede iya ranaye<br /><br />III. Ngalle Ngalle Ngalle<br />Ngalle Ngalle Ngalle<br />’Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ku tafa<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ku juya<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ku amsa<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ba ga shi ba<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Har na iya<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />'Yar mama<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ingalle le ingalle ingalle<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ku taka<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ku juya<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Ba ga shi, ba<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br />Har kun iya<br />‘Yan amshi: doki da rawa<br /><br />IV. Ku Reda<br />Ayyaraye garin bara na yi dare<br />‘Yan amshi: ayyaraye garin bara na yi dare<br />Ayyaraye garin bara na yi tuwo<br />‘Yan amshi: ayyaraye garin bara na yi tuwo<br />Ayyaraye garin bara na yi fura<br />‘Yan amshi: ayyaraye garin bara na yi fura<br />Ku reda, kwarin duma ku rede mu reda<br />‘Yan amshi: Ku reda, Kwarin duma ku reda mu reda<br />kwarin duma mu reda, ku reda, mu reda.<br /><br />V. Badagaraje<br />Badagaraje badagaraje<br />‘Yan amshi: Badagaraje badagaraje<br />Aye bada garaje yaro bada garaje kanyi raha ba.<br />‘Yan amshi: Badagaraje badagaraje<br />Da rarrashi da ban Magana<br />‘Yan amshi: Badagaraje badagaraje<br />Da kwaryar goro kanyi raha<br />‘Yan amshi: badagaraje badagaraje<br />badagaraje badagaraje<br />‘Yan amshi: badagaraje badagaraje<br />badagaraje yaro badagaraje<br />‘Yan amshi: badagaraje badagaraje<br />Kan yi raha ba.<br />‘Yan amshi: badagaraje badagaraje<br /><br />VI. Alo lale lale<br />Ayyuriri a haiye alo manya<br />‘Yan amshi: alo lale lale<br />Mu sarkin mu ya tafi rangadi<br />‘Yan amshi: Alo lale lale<br />Allah kai shi Allah ya dawo shi<br />‘Yan amshi: alo lale lale<br />Ko da tuntube ko da sartse alo lale lale<br />‘Yan amshi: alo lale lale<br />Ko da 'yar kaya bai tako ba<br />‘Yan amshi: alo lale lale<br />Ayye iyara iye<br />‘Yan amshi: ayye iyara iye<br />Ayye indiro ba diro<br />‘Yan amshi: ayye indiro ba diro<br />Auririn ahaiye nanaye<br />‘Yan amshi: alo lale lale<br />Dan Allah ku sa mana 'yar guda<br />‘Yan amshi: alo lale lale<br /><br />VII. Aya Aya Aya mai nono<br />Aya Aya Aya mai nono<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayalle<br />Aya biyar ta cika taiki<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayalle<br />ta goma rakumi ka dauka<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayalle<br />In kin ]iga ba kya tashi ba ne?<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayyalle<br />Ki hankali da baba a zaure<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayalle<br />Ki hankali da babbar tusa<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayalle<br />[ugus ta ]iga ta tashi<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayalle<br />Kanto mai dan boto<br />‘Yan amshi: Haba ayalle<br /><br />VIII. Lallewa<br />Aye lalle waye, lallewa, aye lalle waye, lallewa<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye lalle waye, lallewa, aye lalle waya, lallewa<br />Kimba magani banga masoro ba<br />‘Yan amshi: shan yaji<br />na gano galadiman ki niba <br />‘Yan amshi: shan yaji<br />Ana daka ana zubga masoro<br />‘Yan amshi: shan yaji<br />Allah ya tsinewa buzu Albarka bani Kashi da bulala<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye lalle waye, lallewa, aye lalle waye, lallewa<br />Allah ya tsinewa buzu Albarka buzu mai taguwa mai mashi<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye lalle waye, lallewa, aye lalle waye, lallewa<br />Aye lalle waye, lallewa, aye lalle waye, lallewa<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye lalle waye, lallewa, aye lalle waye, lallewa<br /><br />IX. Ga Danda<br />Aye ga danda ga danda<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye ga danda ga danda<br />Aye ga danda dokin kara<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye ga danda dokin kara<br />Doki na kora na zai gudu ba<br />‘Yan amshi: ga danda ga danda<br />Ko ya yi ma iska ya samu<br />‘Yan amshi: ga danda ga danda <br />Aye ga danda dokin kara<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye ga danda dokin <br />Ku bamu wuri mu sukwani danda<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye ga danda ga danda<br />Ga danda ga danda<br />‘Yan amshi: ga danda ga danda<br />Doki nakara ba zai gudu ba<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye ga danda a sukwane<br />Ga danga ga danda<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye ga danda dokin kara<br />Ga danda ga danada<br />‘Yan amshi: Aye ga danda dokin kara<br /><br />X. Kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />‘Yan amshi: amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Kigo ka fi waiwaye amashi<br />‘Yan amshi: amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Kigo ka fi ma gamu<br />‘Yan amshi: amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Amale kafi mu gamu<br />‘Yan amshi: amale amale kigo mia yawan rabo<br />Tsara ta san tsara<br />‘Yan amshi: amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Kigo ka fi waiwaye<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Mu sarkinmu ya ishe mu Ba za mu ko ina ba<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Mu sarkin mu mai dubun doki mai amawali<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Daga Daura nazo Kano lokacin ka na da dadi<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Labarin ka na jiyo haka nan na tadda kai<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Gara da nazo gara dana zo<br />‘Yan amshi: Gara da nazo gara da na zo<br />Gara da na zo na rarrabe<br />‘Yan amshi: Gara da na zo na rarrabe<br />dan duma duma da kabewa<br />‘Yan amshi: Haka na rarrabe<br />ga randa rana daka tulu ne ya kai ya kawo<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Kigo mai yawan rabo<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Amale kafi ma gamu<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Baba Uban shamki, kowa sai ya durkusa<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Baba uban maza da mata kowa sai ya durkusa<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Amale Amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Masaki yafi ragaya, Goma ta wuce biyar<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Idan riga ta wuya sai ba a zo wajenka ba<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Idan wando yana wuya sai ba a zo wajenka ba<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Idan hula tana wuya sai ba a zo wajenka ba<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br />Mai Daura mai Kano, mai Jama'are mai Kazaure<br />‘Yan amshi: Amale amale kigo mai yawan rabo<br /><br />Tashe<br />Tashe kamar yadda kowa ya sani al'adace da ake yin ta a lokacin watan azumin du gari, kuma kamar yadda aka sani a kasar Hausa cewa yara ne da maza manya suke yi, to amma a gidan Sarki mata ne manya suke haduwa su yi wa Sarki, kwara-warai da jadadu da sauransu.<br /><br />Duk wadannan wasanni da kwarkwarai suke yi baya ga nishadantar da kansu da suke yi suna nishadantar da ubangijinsu, sannan kuma hanya ce ta samun ku]in shiga a wurinsu, don komai suka yi sai ubangijinsu ya biya su.<br /><br />Nishadin Matan Kulle A Yau<br />Kamar yadda rayuwa da al'adar Bahaushe take samun canji haka zalika wadannan al'adu da matan kulle (Sadaku) suek canzewa, yanzu shekaru hamsin da daya (51) ke nan da daina wasan gauta kamar yadda muka fada a baya.<br /><br />Samun hanyoyin nishadi na yau da kullum da ake yin su kamar su Gada duk sai bacewa suke yi, ana maye gurbinsu da abubuwan da zamani ya zo da su kamar su Ludo da "yar carafke da sauransu, bayan su talabijin ta fito, ita ma ta zama wata hanyar nishadantarwa, musamman zuwan satilayit, akwai tashoshin Indiya "Sony Channel" wasaninsu irin su: - Kusum da Kone Dilmile da Ayusha da Humbocane da Bedi da Jesi Jesi, da sauransu, sun zama hanyoyin nishadantar da 'yan soro ta yau da kullum haka zalika Kagaggun labarai na "adabin kasuwar Kano", finafinan Ibro da kuma wasannin Hausa na talabijin da na Bidiyo.<br /><br />Bambancin Nishadin Da Da Na Yanzu<br /><br />Da Yanzu<br />Ana nishadantar da kai a kuma Ya fi yawa ga nishadantar da kai<br />nishadantar da ubangiji<br /><br />Akwai neman kudi Nishadin ne kawai ba wani neman kudi a ciki<br /><br />Ana kulla alaka Babu kulla alaka da zumunci <br />Da al'adar Bahaushe zalla ake Har bakin al'adu na nishadantarwa <br />Nishadantuwa ana amfani da su kamar turanci da Indiya da sauransu. <br /><br />Kammalawa<br />Kamar kowacce irin al'umma mutanen cikin gidan Sarki suma suna da al'ada tasu ta kansu wacce take karbar bakin abubuwa daga waje kuma take sauyawa yau da kullum, sannan tana tafiya da zamani, wannan shi ya nuna cewa cikakkiyar wayuwa ake yi kamar ta sauran jama'a ba zama ake yi kamar na gidan yari ba.<br /><br />Manazarta<br />Littattafan da aka duba:<br />Sufi H. A. (1993) Mu san Kanmu, Kano Nigeria<br /><br />Kofoworole, 2 da Lateef, Y. (1987) Hausa Performing Arts & Music nigeria Magazine, Lagos<br /><br />Nast H.J. (1992) Space, History And Power: Stories Of Spatial And Social Change in The Place of Kano, Northern Nigeria, Circa 1500-1990 Ph.D. Thesis. Mcgrill Univesity, Montreal, Quebec.<br /><br />Nast H.J. (2003) DISTRUPTING DECEPTIONS: A photographic, History of Kano Place, Nigeria Printed my Vic-O Graphic, Inc Willow Book, Illinois<br /><br />Bayero, S.A (unpublish) Mata a Gidan Dabo<br /><br />Hira da Mutane<br />Yaya Buruji ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, 2004 da 4:30 na yamma<br /><br />Yakadiya Asabe Matar Daga, a soronta ranar 13 ga wanta Nuwanba, 2004 da karfe 3:00 na dare.<br /><br />Yaya Tafada Figi, ranar 14 ga watan Nuwanba, 2004 da karfe 8:00 na dare a filin Sirada.<br /><br />Yaya Maijidda ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, 2004 da karfe 6:00 na yamma a filin Sirada.<br /><br />Yaya Rahmu ranar 17 ga watan Nuwanba, 2004 da karfe 5:00 na yamma a filin Sirada.<br /><br />Yaya mai soron baki (Y aHajiya) ranar 17 ga Nuwanba, 2004 da karfe <br />3:00 na dare a filin Sirada<br /><br />Jadadiya Uwani, ranar 18 ga watan Nuwanba, 2004 a soron Jakadiya Sabe Matar Daga<br /><br />Ibrahim Mai Kano, (Galadiman Zagin Sarkin Kano), a soron gidan sa, ranar 21 Nuwamba, 2004.Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7992395423468863191.post-1987562074914333892007-06-21T16:10:00.001+01:002007-06-26T17:57:59.789+01:00Hausar Gidan Sarauta: Sadarwa Cikin ‘Kiran Lafiya’ a Fadar KanoNasiru Wada Khalil<br /><a href="mailto:nasiruwada@yahoo.co.uk">nasiruwada@yahoo.co.uk</a>, <a href="mailto:nasiruwada@gmail.com">nasiruwada@gmail.com</a><br />Sharia Court of Appeal, Kano.<br /><br /><br /><br />Makala da aka gabatar a taron kara wa juna sani mai taken “Rayuwa da Ra’ayoyi da Gudunmowar Masu Bunkasa Hausa” a Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato. 6-8 ga watan Fabarairu, 2007.<br /><br /><br />Gabatarwa<br />Dan adam yana da hanyoyi da yawa da yake sadar da sakonsa, amma ya fi amfani da yare a kan sauran. Kowace al’umma da irin yaren da take amfani da shi wajen sadarwa. A daular Usmaniyya yawancin kasashen suna amfani ne da yaren Hausa, daga cikin wadannan kasashe masu amfani da Harshen Hausa akwai Kano wacce tana daya daga cikin tsofaffin cikinsu ta fuskar ciniki, da sana’a da kuma sarauta. Masarautar Kano ta samu ne tun hijira shekarar 389 (999AD) inda Bagauda ya zamanto Sarki na farko daga cikin habe, zuwa shekarar hijira 867 (1463AD). Daga nan sai gidan Rumfa suka karbi sarautar zuwa shekara 1538, Kutumbi suka karba a hannunsu wanda su ne Fulani suka karba a hannunsu daga karshe, cikin shekarar hijira 1235 (1819AD) (Dokaji,1978. East 1979. Smith, 1997. Fika, 1978. Palmer, 1928. Hogben da Kirk-Green, 1966). Kuma zuwa yanzu su suke yin mulki a Kano. Dukkanin wadannan kabilu da suka yi mulkin Kano sun yi amfani da harshen Hausa ne hatta kabilar Fulanin da suke ba Hausawa ba. <br /><br />Haka zalika sadarwa a fadar Kano ana yin ta ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban wadanda suka kunshi ishara ta hanyar jinjina da karbar gaisuwa, sai kuma amfani da ala ta kida kamar Tambari da Kuge ko ala ta busa wacce ta kunshi Kaho da Algaita da Sarewa da Kakaki, hatta buga Bindiga da Guda da gyaran murya da yanayin shiga, duk hanya ce ta sadarwa a fadar Kano. Baya ga wadannan ana amfani da yare wanda shi ya fi komai yawa, yaren da ake amfani da shi shi ne Hausa.<br /><br />Duk wadannan hanyoyi na sadarwa ana amfani da su ta bangaren isar wa da Sarki sako ko kuma Sarki ya isar wa da jama’a sako, misali idan Sarki ya yi hawa yana dunkule hannunsa na dama (Jinjina) wanda hakan wata tambaya ce yake yi wa jama’a cewar shikashikan Musulunci guda biyar kun rike? Su kuma jama’a in suka dunkule nasu hannun amsa ce suke ba shi da cewa; “Na’am mun rike” (Hira da Malam Yahya Salihi, 2006). A wani kaulin kuma cewar Wamban Kano Alhaji Abbas Sunusi (Hira a talabijin) ita jinjina jama’ar gari ne suke yi wa Sarki ita, abin da take cewa shi ne mun ba ka amanarmu, ka rike? Shi kuma Sarki in ya yi tasa jinjinar amsa ce yake ba wa mutanen garin cewar e na rike. A fadin Malam Nasiru Kabara a Tafsirin da yake yi da Azumi cewa ya yi Jinjina a wajen Shehu Usmanu tana nufin Yadin Wahidin Ala Man Siwahu Ma’ana Hannu daya a kan wanda ya wanicce shi (fassarar tawa ce).<br /><br />A cikin wadannan hanyoyi na sadarwa da ake amfani da su a fadar Kano, babu abin da aka fi amfani da shi irin harshen Hausa, abin duk da sauran hanyoyi suke sadarwa yana da ma’ana cikin harshen Hausa, ma’ana za a iya fassara abin da kidan ko busar take cewa, ga misali Tambari in ana buga shi yana cewa “Sarki bakon dole.” Dama idan mutum ya ji tambari ya san Sarki ne ya iso domin ba a yi wa kowa tambari sai Sarki. Kakaki ma haka, in an busa shi yana sanar da mutane ne cewar ga Sarki ya zo, domin cewa yake, “Ga shi, Ga shi a fili, Ga bijimin Saraki, Ga Toya Matsafa, Babban Bajimi, Babban Bako, Ga Magajin Rumfa, Ga Magajin Dabo.” Algaita a halin tafiya tana cewa “Sukukun bakaka Jatau, mashin da wuta jatau, Idan mai sabo bai daina ba mai horon ma fa ba zai fasa ba.” Idan kuma mai algaita yana bin Tambura to za su rinka cewa, “Masu duniya kuna shagalinku, babban bajimi babban Bako” da sauransu. Baya ga wadannan abubuwa da za a iya fassarawa akwai kuma wadanda ba za a iya fassara su cikin Hausar ba sai dai a fuskanci ma’ana kamar buga bindiga da ake yi bayan an sauko daga sallar juma’a tana nufin an idar da sallar juma’a, saboda haka matan da suke gidajensu wadanda juma’a ba ta kama ba sai su yi sallah, in kuma daren kamawar watan azumi ne ko sauke shi, to wannan bindigar da aka buga sanarwa ce ga mutane cewar an ga watan Azumi ko na Sallah karama. Ko wadanda suke nesa da gari su ma su san sun makara an idar da sallah. Ko guda da ake yi a tsakar gidan Sarki ita ma tana sanar da cewar an yi haihuwa da sauransu.<br /><br />Hausa a fadar Kano, Hausa ce tsantsa da ba ta da sirki da wani yare sai dan fulatanci kadan, kamar Lamido wacce take nufin babban dan Sarki, Yallabo yana amfani da ita wajen gaisuwa cikin girmamawa ga wanda yake ba dan sarki ba, Alasebbeni ita kuma ga dan Sarkin da ba shi da Sarauta, Ingwaiya kalma ce ta amsa gaisuwa (Sarkin Kano Abdullahi Bayero an ce shi ya fi amfani da ita in mata suna gaishe shi a gida), Modibbo kuwa kamar yadda kowa ya sani tana nufin Malami da sauransu, amma duk da haka Hausar gidan Sarki ta sha bamban da irin Hausar da ake yi a gari, domin ita an gina ta ne matuka a kan al’ada da dabi’a ta Hausawa da Fulani.<br /><br />Bahaushe yana da wasu dabi’u da yake siffantuwa da su, wadannan dabi’u Kirk-Greene (1974) ya zayyana su wadanda suka kunshi Kunya da Gaskiya da Amana da Karamci da Hakuri da Hankali da Ladabi da Mutumci da Hikima da kuma Adalci. Haka zalika Alhassan da sauransu (1982) baya ga wadannan dabi’u da Kirk-Greene ya wassafa sun kara: Mu’amala da Zumunta da Rikon addini da Dattako da Kawaici da Rashin tsegumi da Kama sana’a da Juriya da Jarumta. Tattare wadannan dabi’u da Adamu (2001) ya yi ya saka musu “Mizanin Auna Tarbiyyar Bahaushe”, ya nuna yanayin yadda al’ada da zamantakewa ta Bahaushen kwarai ta ke, kuma wannan yana da tasiri ga yanayin maganar Bahaushe. Wadannan dabi’u Bahaushe ya yi tarayya da Fulani cikinsu, domin shi ma Bafulatani yana da su, wani sa’in nasa ma sun fi na Bahaushe wanda ake kira Pulaku. (Khalil da Bayero. 2006)<br /><br />Pulaku dabi’a ce da take da matukar muhimmanci a wajen Fulani, ita take tafiyar da rayuwarsu da al’adunsu wadanda suka kunshi zamantakewa, yanayin sutura da gida da aiki da biki da yare da suke amfani da shi wajen mu’amalar yau da kullun. Abubuwan da Pulaku ya kunsa muhimmai guda uku ne, wato hakkilo da Hausa ‘hankali’, sai munyal, shi kuma ‘Hakuri da Juriya’, da seetu'dum ma’ana Kunya.<br /><br />Wadannan dabi’u na Bahaushe da na Bafillatani (Pulaku) su ne suka haifar da yanayi da sigar yadda ake magana a fadar Kano, ma’ana su suka haifar da irin Hausar da ake yi a fadar Kano.<br /><br />Fadar Kano ta kunshi: Sarakai da Malamai da Bayi da Barori da Masarta baya ga wadanda ake mulka kamar masu sana’a da sauran jama’ar gari (Talakawa) duk wata sadarwa a tsakaninsu take, amma ta fi yawa tsakanin Sarki da bayinsa, domin duk abin da zai isa wurin Sarki sai ya bi ta hanyar bayinsa ko da kuwa ba kai tsaye ba, misali idan hakimai ko malamai ko mutanen gari za su gaya wa Sarki magana kai tsaye sai bayin Sarkin sun yi musu iso (Dokaji, 1958: 42) ko da kuwa ba su ne suka fada wa Sarkin maganar ba.<br /><br />Hausa a Fadar Kano <br />A fadar Kano akwai salo da yanayin yadda ake magana wacce ta saba da irin yadda ake yi a gari, ko da yake sun hada tushe guda wato musulunci da al’adar Fulani da ta Hausawa. A tsarin magana ta Bahaushe akwai girmamawa da alkunya saboda haka ne mata ba sa kiran mazajensu da sunansu na yanka sai dai su yi masu lakabi na girmamawa su kira su Alhaji ko Maigida ko Malam, baya ga haka duk sunan da ya zo daya da na mazansu ko iyayensu ba za su kira wannan sunan ba sai dai su kira sunan da mai sunan Baba, ga misali in sunan mahaifinsu ne ko ma dungurum su ce Baba (wannan al’adar ba wai ga mata kawai ta tsaya ba). Idan ma wani abu ne ko da ba mutum ba in yanayin sunansa ya yi kama da yanayin furucin sunan miji ko mahaifi da sauransu, mata ba za ka ji sun fadi wannan sunan ba sai sun canza shi yadda zai ba da ma’anar da za a gane abin, da haka za su kira shi. Ga misali a Kano an yi Limamin babban masallacin juma’a sunansa Mansur, saboda ganyen Lansur yana da yanayin furuci da Mansur, matansa ba sa cewa Lansur sai dai su ce koren ganye mai yaji.<br /><br />Irin wannan yanayin magana yana da matukar muhimmanci a tsarin yadda ake magana a gidan Sarkin Kano, domin girmamawa, duk Sarkin da aka yi a Kano a zuriyar Fulani ba a fadar sunansa ko sunan abin da furucinsa yake kama da wannan sunan.<br /><br />Jadawali na 1. Sunayen Sarakuna da Abin da Ake Fada a Makwafinsu<br />Sunan Sarakuna Suna Mai kamanceceniya<br />Makwafin sunan<br />Sulaimanu Sulai Karfe<br />Alu Allura Madinkiya<br />”Allo Dan Makaranta<br />”Alli Matabi<br />”Ludayi Mashayi<br />Abas Albasa ‘yar lambu<br />Abdullahi Aduwa Dabagira<br />”Auduga Kada<br />Inuwa Inuwa Mahuta<br />Ado Ado Kwalliya<br />Tushe: Lura da abin da ake cewa da kuma hirar baka 2005<br /><br />Sarakuna da iyayen su mata ba kiransu ake yi da sunan su kai tsaye ba sai an saya, ga sunayen da ake kiran masu sunan sarakuna a jadawali na kasa:<br /><br />Jadawali na 2 Sunayen Sarakuna da Ake Saya Sunayen<br />Sunayen Sarakuna<br />Sunayen da Ake Saya su da Su<br />Abbas<br />Maje Nasarawa<br />Abdullahi<br />Mai Kano / Alhaji<br />Ado<br />Sarki / Babban dodo / Amir<br />Aliyu<br />Sarki mai tafiya<br />Bello<br />Mai gari/Mai sadaka<br />Ibrahim Dabo<br />Cigari<br />Inuwa<br />Sarki mai sunan mahuta<br />Usman<br />Sarki dan tsoho / Maje Ringin<br />Tushe: Lura da abin da ake cewa da kuma hirar baka 2005<br /><br />Baya ga wadannan sunaye, duk kalmomin da Bahaushe ba ya fadar su ko domin kunya ko kara da sauransu a gidan Sarkin Kano ma ba a fadar wadannan abubuwa, ga misali;<br /><br />Jadawali na 3 Sunayen da ba a fada<br />Suna<br />Makwafin suna<br />Hikima ko Dalili<br />Dakuwa<br />‘Yar aya<br />Kama da zagi<br />Maroki<br />Masarci<br />Kama da cin mutunci<br />’Yan biyu<br />Daya da dan’uwa<br />Kunya<br />Haihuwa<br />kyankyasa<br />Kunya<br />Dan Sarki<br />Dan Fulani<br />Kara<br />Tsugunna<br />Durkusa<br />Ladabi<br />Shiru<br />Kawai<br />Ladabi<br />Zauna<br />Ladaf<br />Ladabi<br />Juyo<br />Ladaf<br />Ladabi<br />Tushe: Lura da abin da ake cewa da kuma hirar baka 2005<br /><br />Yanayin magana a Fadar Kano ya ta’allaka ne da wurin da ake yin maganar da kuma halin da ake ciki, idan a cikin gida ne yanayin maganar daban, in a Fada ne ma daban, in a kan doki ake tafiya ma haka. Misali idan Sarki zai sauki bako a fada kamar a Soron Ingila Sarki zai yi wa bakon nan maraba kamar yadda aka saba, ma’ana ya yi masa maraba da kansa, kamar yadda in shugabanni ko baki sun zo yake yi. Amma in yana halin tafiya ne sai dai ya yi masa jinjina su kuma yaran Sarki su isar masa da wannan marabar cikin kiran lafiya, su ce gaishe ka wane.<br /><br />Ma’anar Kiran Lafiya<br />Kiran lafiya wani abu ne da bayin Sarki suke yi wa Sarki wanda yake waka-waka ba waka ba, kirari-kirari ba kirari ba, mai dauke da fata da addu’a, wanda ake yi da Hausa ta hanyar nusarwa, ko umarni da kalmomin girmamawa da ake amfani da su a Hausar zamantakewa ta yau da kullum.<br /><br />Shi kiran lafiya ana yin sa ne a halin tafiya a kan doki ko a mota ko a kasa in ba masallaci ko jana’iza za a ba. Amma kuma in a halin dawowa ne daga masallacin ko jana’izar za a yi kiran lafiya, sai kuma in ana zaman fadanci.<br /><br />Kusan kowace fada a daular Usumaniya suna da irin kiran lafiyar da suke yi wa sarakunansu kamar Fadar Sakkwato sukan ce Alherin Allah ya isar ma uban musulmi ko Uban musulmi na gaishe ku a wajen amsa gaisuwa, ko hankali da kofa da ‘yan sauransu. Bidda kuma bagadogi, inah kana duwa, Wuri! Sarari! Alanguburo kuwa a fadar Maiduguri, ko Kabesi a Ile Ife, da sauransu. Amma duk wadannan fadoji babu wacce take da kiran lafiya mayalwaci kamar Fadar Kano, domin a Fadar Kano babu muhallin da ba shi da irin nasa kiran lafiyar.<br /><br />Bambancin Kirari da Take da Kiran Lafiya<br />Shi kirari zuga ce da mutum yake yi wa kansa ko wani ya yi masa (Ames, Gregersen da Neugebauer, 1971 a cikin Furniss, 1996). Skinner (1980) ya wassafa sigar kirari a matsayin wake na yabo wanda yake ya kunshi kamanta mutum da jarumtar dabba, ko a alakanta mutum da kyakkyawan musulmi ko Balarabe. Skinner ya bayyana cewa kirari ana rera shi ne da karfi a wajen sarauta, biki da kwararrun masu sana’a. Kirari yana da tasiri wajen tayar da tsumi ko kiran aljan. Ana fara yin kururuwa kafin a fara kirarin kamar a wajen Dambe ko “Dambe karfe” ko wajen Kokawa (Lateef da Koforowola 1987:5). Take kuwa wani gajeren kirari ne da ake yi wa wani mutum a koda yaushe wanda da ka jiyo shi ka san na wannan mutumin ne (Furniss, 1996: 73-75). Dangambo (1984:42) ya bayyana bambancin take da kirari inda ya ce:<br /><br />Take abu ne da ake danganta shi da bayyana wanda ake yabo, wato taken wani ya sha bamban da na wani. Misali, irin taken da ake yi wa samari da ‘yanmata wurin kidan kalangu da sauransu. Kirari kuwa, yana iya zama yabon kai, kamar yadda ‘yan tauri ko maroka ke yi; ko kuma yabon wani, kamar yadda maroka ke yi, da sauransu.<br /><br />Kiran lafiya ya bambanta da kirari da kuma take, babban bambancinsu shi ne Take da Kirari yabo ne, shi kuwa kiran lafiya ba yabo ba ne, nusarwa ne da tunatarwa, a kiran lafiya akwai addu’a da kuma sako, sabanin kirari abin da mutum yake da shi ne na jarumta ake fada a kara masa gishiri. Shi kuwa take ba shi da tsawo, kuma ba ya wuce daya, amma shi kiran lafiya yana da yawa kuma ya danganta da inda ake. Inda kiran lafiya ya zama na yabo kamar yadda jama’ar gari suke yi wa S’arki, to, a nan ma akwai bambanci da kirari domin cikin fata da addu’a suke yi masa duk yabon da suke yi masa. <br /><br />Jadawali na 4: Bambancin Kirari da Kiran lafiya<br />Kirari<br />Kiran lafiya<br />Zuga ce zalla<br />Bayan zuga akwai fata da addu’a<br />Akan fara shi da kururuwa<br />Ba a fara shi da kururuwa<br />Ana yi wa kowa da kowa<br />Sarakai kawai ake yi wa<br />Biki ko farauta ko bauta ta gargajiya<br />Ana fadanci ko a halin tafiya<br />Ana daga murya<br />Ba a daga murya sosai<br />Yankan yi alaka da tada iska ko tsimi (ga ’yan tauri)<br />Babu wata alaka ta komai sai ta nusarwa<br />Maroka ne suke yi<br />Fadawa ne suke yi<br /><br />Nusarwa Cikin Kiran Lafiya<br />Akan nusar da Sarki halin da ake ciki ta hanyar kiran lafiya, kamar idan an yi ruwa Sarki yana tafiya a kan doki ko a kasa, ko a kan kwalta za a dinga nusar da shi cewa Rauni bisa rama mai nasara ba sake ba manko ga linzami ko ba bugu ba manko, ko amincinka ya fi ga linzami. A nan ana nusar da Sarki ne cewa kada ya sakankance ko kada ya bugi dokinsa yadda zai zaburar da shi, kada ya manta cewa akwai rauni a kasar da yake tafiya a kai zai iya zamewa ya fadi. Idan wani abu ya firgita dokin ko dokin yana dara (tsalle) ko nagarta (rawa) da Sarki, za a rinka fada wa Sarki abin da zai yi ana gaya masa cewa kiwo sannu alher, ba sake ba manko, kamazuru abokin dabara, amincinka ya fi ga linzaminka, ma’ana dokin ya koshi saboda haka kada a sakankance da shi. A nan za mu iya cewa ana fahimtar da Sarki ne cewa ya rabu da bayanin da ake yi masa, hankalinsa ya tafi kan linzamin dokin.<br /><br />In kuma an ce Bilaka dama da hauni to akwai ruwa a gefe da gefe, kamar gada ko hanyar da ta ratsa ruwaye guda biyu shi ne ake fadar haka ko a ce jingine dama da hauni, ko kafin a hau gadar za a rinka ce masa hattara. Haka na idan kuwa abin da zai iya tuntube da shi ne ko wanda zai iya bata shi kamar danshi, ko gidan tururuwa, ko rami, ko marmara, ko tubali, ko tsittsige, shi ne ake cewa hattara salamun.<br /><br />Idan kuma a saman Sarkin akwai wani abu wanda zai iya bugar sa ko wanda zai iya kama masa rawani, to za ka ji ana cewa shafi bisa alher, sunkuye salamun. Ma’ana akwai wani abu a samansa wanda zai iya shafar rawaninsa ko zai iya bugewa da shi, to shi ne ake nusar da shi halin da ake ciki da abin da ya kamata ya yi, wato ya sunkuya.<br /><br />Idan an zo gangara kuma sai a ce Gangare Sabkawa, in kuma tudu ne sai su ce bisa Haikawa sannu, a kusurwa wacce take babba sai a ce mazgaye salamun a karamar kusurwa kuma kamar a cikin soro sai a ce Gicciye dama alher, ko Gicciye hauni alher, wato kenen ya karkata dama ko ya karkata hagu. Idan kuwa a abin da yake bukatar Sarki ya saurara ne ko ya rangwanta tafiya, kamar matsi ko cushewar hanya, ko akwai masu gaisuwa ko addu’a, to a nan sai ka ji ana cewa rangwame Tafsawa, ko a ce sannu rangwame alher, ka ga kenan ya san akwai wani abu da ake bukatar sa da ya dan tsahirta.<br /><br />Lokacin da za a dauki Sarki a hoto ko wani bako zai shigo inda Sarki yake, to a nan akan jawo hankalinsa da cewa Gyara kimtsi ga kyau ko a ce Kimtsi gyara daidai alher, abin nufi a nan shi ne Sarki ya shirya, ko ya gyara ko ya kimtsa kamar yadda aka fada cikin kiran lafiya. A nan ko da wani ne yake gai da Sarki akan iya janyo hankalinsa zuwa inda mutumin yake kuma ana iya sanar da shi sunansa, misali idan Nasiru yana gefen dama yana gai da Sarki kuma hankalin Sarkin ba ya wurin, to za a iya jawo hankalinsa da cewa; Jinjina (ko jinjine) dama lafiya alher, gaishe ka Malam Nasiru, idan jama’a ne sai a ce gaishe ku Mauro, ko gaishe ku jama’ar gari.<br /><br />Idan kuwa a mota ake tafiya idan akwai digar jirgi ta ratsa, ko rami, ko duwatsu, sai a ce kauwa sannu, ko kauwa daidai ko rangwame kauwa sannu. Zama a mota yayin sunkuyawa: lif bisa alher ko sunkuye salamun. Idan a jirgin sama ne kuwa yayin da Sarki zai hau matattakala za a shaida masa cewa Hattara salamun, lokacin da jirgin zai daga ya tashi sama sai a ce motsawa bisa alher ko a ce bisa ga kyau, wannan Kiran lafiyar shi dai ake fada lokacin da Sarki zai hau doki ko zai tashi daga kan karagarsa.<br /><br />Yayin da Sarki yake zaman shari’a a fagaci, in an tsahirta kafin Sarki ya fadi hukunci Mutan Fada za su rika cewa da shi Lafiya Adali, Lafiya Mataimakin Musulunci da sauransu.<br /><br />Umarni Cikin Kiran Lafiya<br />Akwai kuma kiran lafiyar da suke kamar umarni ne duk da cewa akwai nusarwa a ciki kamar; Takawa Sannu (in ana tafiya a kasa) da Daukawa sannu da Cirkawa sannu, sai kuma Caskawa sannu (a wurin tsakuwa), Turkawa sannu (a wajen Tirbaya) da sauran ire-iren su duk a wadannan kiran lafiyar umarni ne ake bai wa Sarki cewa ya tafi sannu a hankali, har ila yau ana nusar da shi ko tunatar da shi cewa ya tafi a sannu-sannu, domin ita ce tafiyar Sarki kada ya yi garaje. A wannan wurin kuma akan rika yi wa Sarki kiran lafiya da lafiya salamun alher, lafiyarka dama da hauni, dama da hauni lafiya, salamun salamun. Wani abu da kiran lafiya ya kebanta da shi, shi ne a kiran lafiya ne kadai ake kiran Sarki da wakilin suna na abokin magana.<br /><br />Domin saukin fahimta da kiyayewa ga jerin kiran lafiyar nan da muhallin da ake yin su cikin jadawali na kasa.<br /><br />Jadawali na 5: Kiran Lafiya da Muhallinsa<br />Kiran Lafiya<br />Muhallin Kiran Lafiya<br />Sabkawa sannu<br />Saukowa, ko Gangara<br />Haikawa<br />Hawa tudu<br />Gicciye Alher, ko Gicciye Salamun<br />Soro ko matsattsen wuri<br />Mazgaye Alher, ko Mazgaye Salamun<br />Kusurwar da take ba matsattsiya ba<br />Takawa, Cirkawa, Caskawa, Turkawa<br />Tafiya<br />Sunkuye<br />Sunkuyawa<br />Bisa ga kyau<br />Tashi ko hawa doki<br />Hattara<br />Wurin tuntube ko kurunkusai ko tsattsage<br />Bilaka ko Jingine<br />Kan gada<br />Rangwame Salamun<br />A saurara tafiya ko gurin tsaiwa<br />Kauwa sannu<br />Tafiya a mota in an zo gargada ko digar jirgi.<br />Kiwo sannu ko kamazuru abokin dabara<br />Idan doki yana fitina<br />Ranmi bisa rama, ba sake ba manko<br />Tafiya a doki kan jikakkiyar kasa<br />Gyara kimtsi ga kyau<br />Ana zaune ko a tsaye ko ana fadanci<br /><br />Shi kiran lafiya bayin Sarki ne maza kadai suke yi, ko in ya shigo tsakar gida. Baya ga haka mutanen gari ma suna yi wa Sarki addu’a su ce Allah kara maka imani, wasu kuma kiran lafiya suke yi amma ba irin na yaran Sarki ba, domin su nasu kiran Lafiya ne na zuga da kambamawa, amma duk da haka ya saba da kirari saboda kalmar lafiya da ake fara fada kafin a ce komai. Ga irin abubuwan da suke fada:<br /><br />Lafiya Sarkin yakin Sarkin musulmi<br />Lafiya maida garin wani kango<br />Lafiya Barden mahadi<br />Lafiya Sukukun bakaka<br />Lafiya Darzaza amalen sarakuna<br />Lafiya ba hau da wani ba sauke wani<br />Lafiya hana kangara<br />Lafiya Sakaka babban bako<br />Lafiya Bango madafar bayi<br />Lafiya hadarin kasa maganin mai kabido<br />Lafiya kwankwason jimina mai wuyar shafawa<br />Lafiya garkami wandon karfe<br />Lafiya jijjigen addini<br />Lafiya toya matsafa<br />Lafiya waliyin Allah<br />Lafiya baya goya marayu<br />Lafiya toron giwa<br />Lafiya tufaniyar gabas<br />Da sauransu<br /><br /><br />Amfanin Kiran Lafiya<br />Shi kiran lafiya yana matukar amfani ko kuma a ce duk amfanin da sadarwa take da shi akwai shi a kiran lafiya. A harkar mulki kiran lafiya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tafiyar da tsarin masarauta, yana kare darajar sarautar kamar wajen kare sarki daga yawan magana (wanda Hariri ya ce yana kawo tuntube), baya ga kasancewar sa gishirin harkar sarauta saboda a nishadance ake yin sa.<br /><br />Kammalawa<br />Kiran lafiya wata hanyar sadarwa ce da ake yin ta da Hausa wacce tsawon zamani ko sauye-sauye da shigowar bakin abubuwa na kimiyya da fasaha kamar mota da jirgi da suka maye gurbin doki ba su sa yanayin wannan Hausar ya zanja ba. Wannan rashin canji da aka samu ba karamin nuna bajintar yaren ya yi ba, sannan kuma ya tabbatar da cewar Harshen Hausa arzurtacce ne da kalmomi masu game ma’ana mai yawa yadda za su iya karbar wasu bakin abubuwa ba tare da sun canja ba. <br /><br />Bayin Sarkin Kano da suka fito da wannan tsari na sadarwa mai nishadantarwa sun taimaka sosai ko da ba wajen bunkasa Harshen Hausa ba har da wajen adana shi ga al’ummar Hausawan da suke yankinsu, tun da ba Hausa ce da ake yin ta a ko’ina ba a koyaushe.<br /><br />Godiya<br />Ina mai mutukar godiya ga Danrimin Kano da Babban Zagi da Sarkin Malafa saboda tallafin da suka bayar a wannan Makala.<br /><br />Manazarta<br />Adamu, A.U. (2001) Hausa Prose Fiction: Toward an Analytical Framework,<br /><br />FAIS Journal of Humanities 1 (4) Alsharishi, A. A (2002), Sharh al Mukamatul Harir (Commentary) Dar il Fikr Beirut Lebanon.<br /><br />Dokaji, Alhaji Abubakar (1958) Kano Ta Dabo Cigari, NNPC, Zaria.<br /><br />Dangambo, Abdulkadir (1984) Rabe-Raben Adabin Hausa da Muhimmancinsa ga Rayuwar Hausawa. Triumph Publishing Company, Kano<br /><br />East, R. M. 1971 (1930) Labarun Hausawa Da Makwabtansu: Littafi na biyu. Zaria, Nigeria: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company.<br /><br />Fika, A.M.( 1978) The Kano Civil War and British over-rule 1882-1940, London:<br />Oxford.<br /><br />Furniss Graham (1996) Poetry, prose and Popular Culture in Hausa, Edinburgh University Press, London.<br /><br />Hogben.S. J. da Kirk-Green, A .H. M. (1966), The Emirates of Northern Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey of their Historical Traditions. London.<br /><br />Khalil N. W. & Bayero S. A. (2005) Royal Communication in Traditional Setting: Language Patterns and Address Forms in Kano Emir’s Palace, Paper presented at Hausa week organized by Hausa students of Bayero University Kano on the 10th – 12th of June, 2005 at Bayero University Kano.<br /><br />----------- (2004) Nishadin Matan Kulle: Tsokaci a Kan Gidan Sarautar Kano, a paper presented at international conference organized by Center for Nigerian Languages, Bayero University Kano.<br /><br />Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. (1974) Mutumin Kirki: The Concept of the Good Man in Hausa.<br /><br />The Third Annual Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture, Bloomington; African Studies Program, Indiana University.<br /><br />Kofoworola Z. O. & Lateef Yusif (1987) Hausa Performing Arts and Music, Nigerian Magazine Publication.<br /><br />Skinner, A. N. (1980) An Anthology of Hausa Literature in Translation, NNPC Zaria.<br />Smith, M.G. (1997) Government in Kano 1350- 1950 Westview press.<br /><br /><br />Rataye: 1<br /><br />Wasu daga Sunayen Sarki:<br /><br />Sakaka<br />Uban Gabasawa<br />Toron Giwa<br />Kigo<br />Jatau<br />Sukuku Bakaka<br />Bakon dole<br />Wandara<br />Takawa<br />Sabkawa<br />Haikawa<br />Daukawa<br />Cirkawa<br />Bajimin Duniya<br />Amale<br />Ginshiki<br />Ba takura<br />Saka takura<br />Kigama<br /><br /><br /><br /> </p>Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabinohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02739897129388773562noreply@blogger.com0